The Causes of Stress Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Causes of Stress - Essay ExampleStress is a physical, emotional or mental element that can cause pain and tension. on that point atomic number 18 different causes of stress and they need specialized savvy by either professional. Stress has been on an increased level comp atomic number 18d to the late 90s. The causes of stress today are rather basic and close to everyone. It boils down to the daily life-related issues such as the economy, security, work hours and so on. Stress, however, leads to diseases that are in most cases protracted. These include hypertension and heart-related conditions(Welch, 2009) There are different factors that remove an effect on stress as different effects on the victims and also the people committing the offense. The west countries America and the UK have incurred a lot of cost putting up preventive measures so as to protect its citizens. act of disquietudeism takes away peoples hope and feeling of security. It leaves them worried, in fear of the future. In the recent past, solicitudeism has grown worldwide (Fields 2001). It is no longer wars against countries but terror from militia groups, who claim to seek justice, money, and business leader from the governments. Victims of the terrorist from the Muslim countries are the most affected and they include children and women. The causes always include inadequacy of a breadwinner to lack of a parent that psychologically affects the children in the long run. They view trauma for periods of time depending on the levels of shock. There are different types of victims there are those who lose loved ones, those who witness the terror attack, those who survive the terror attack and those who hear about it first hand from close people. For example, in the September 2001 attack on the USA. Post-traumatic stress has been common for the ones who lost loved ones. They experience a dis-attachment to the real world. According to Fields, the victims of terror experience a great feelin g of loss. Some may feel guilty as to why they survived the 2001 terror attack.

Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 36

Personal avowal ExampleI have now decided to follow my heart and complete my health check chopine from the University so that I can continue to serve the people who would benefit from my captain expertise.Apart from the neutral of ensuring good education for my children, I am a self-driven person who would like to reach the highest level of professional excellence, both in terms of gaining knowledge and attaining high status in society as a medical professional. I would also like to contribute constructively to the society which has been so helpful in my years of adjustment within a new culturally different environment when I had move from Armenia to America. My American friends and neighbours and my friends from Armenia have always encouraged me to remain optimist. After 14 years of running a restaurant successfully, I now realize that my medical experience needs to be applied for the wider eudaimonia of the society which has given me so much. Thus, I believe that the Americ an degree in medicine would habilitate with necessary knowledge and skills so that I can re-start my practice as a dentist in America.Throughout my career as a medical professional, I have been proactively involved in the well-being of my patients as well as with the students of medical programs and community groups. I have extensively participated in the medical seminars and conferences which have greatly benefitted students and young medical professionals. I have been invited as guest speakers in numerous of the conferences organized at the Medical University of Yerevan, Armenia which has also recognized my contribution by awarding me the certificate of adenosine deaminase (Armenian Dental Association). I have also held educational and clinical seminars for medical students where they got hands-on experience in the clinical setting. The various activities that involved medical fraternity and the

Pocahontas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Pocahontas - Essay ExampleIn addition, a link for the Morrisville book is provided at the homepage. Most importantly, the site provides contact education for Powhatan Renape Nation.The site depicts numerous synergistic features that move over it easier to access totally the information contained in it. Firstly, the font used to write the information accommodates all individuals within different visibility levels. The background color make the site appear attractive and intriguing, change magnitude the chances that people may be concerned with the information contained in it. Further more than, the font and the background color make the reading enjoyable by different age groups. The site menu is located at the butt joint of the page. Its location is strategic to ensure that the reader can access more information to know more about the topics examined.The site successfully discusses the Pocahontas story from the beginning to the end elaborating the origin of the Pocahontas myth. Information is arranged in a succinct manner to make the reading enjoyable. In addition, the website gives a comprehensive account of the Powhatan history. It is evoke to note that Disney produced a movie to explain the Pocahontas myth in an animated version. In addition, the site provides information about upcoming events in relation to the Rankokus Indian festivals. It would be interesting to attend the festivals and visit the American Indian museums to know more about the Powhatan

Statistics on the Incidence of AIDS in the US Research Paper - 1

Statistics on the Incidence of AIDS in the US - Research newsprint ExampleIn 2007, it has been reported that HIV was the third leading cause of mortality for black hands and women aged 35-44. HIV also became the ninth leading cause of mortality for all blacks. In fact, closely 233,624 Blacks who were diagnosed with AIDS had died in the United States. Moreover, African American women were known to be 22 times more than likely to die from HIV/AIDS compared to women from other ethnicities. In 2008, African Americans had the highest rate of death from AIDS, which amounted to 27.5 per 100,000 population. accord to Maryland Statistics, Black females incurred higher rates of AIDS mortality compared to women from other races. Table 1 under also supports these statistics. The peak of mortality observed from all races was seen in 1995. In 1995, highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) was introduced to the public. forwards 1995, the use of protease inhibitors in the United States was non allowed. The United States Food and Drug Administration canonic the drugs in December of 1995 and on March of 1996.HAART is associated with decreased mortality and morbidness of patients with HIV/AIDS. Although it is not a cure, it is used for the purpose of improving a patients symptoms or even their tint of life. As a result, the patients survival rate is also prolonged. HAART is just ace of the other lifesaving innovations that have been discovered.Thus, after the year 1995, the mortality rate started to decline slowly. The decline is quite lucid and steady on White females. However, with regards to Black females, the mortality rate decreased post-HAART but would increase again after 1998. Afterwards, the rate intermittently increased and decreased.The trends in the mortality rates of Black women with AIDS as compared with White patients is truly intriguing. The disparity is profound. Certain factors can be attributed with such disparities in mortality and morbidity ra tes observed between ethnicities of women - most especially Blacks and Whites - with HIV/AIDS. It is relevant to identify such factors in order to come up with solutions that could help ease this disparity.

Critical thinking and analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Critical thinking and analysis - Essay ExampleIt is nevertheless interesting to analyse the lights and darkness of the changing landscape of a urban center like Los Angeles, as we draw upon historical accounts of the city in the late 1970s by Joan Didion recalling the fire of 1978 in Fire Season and Truman Capote reminiscing or so Christmas in Los Angeles in the early 1950s in Local Color. Both authors have a particular recollection of the city and though weather patterns repeat themselves, the effect is never quite the homogeneous across different decades. Discussion My judgment of the light and darkness of Los Angeles can be summed up in the vagaries of weather that the city has to face during a typical year. From hurricane alerts to wildfires raging through various parts of the city, there is never a dull moment in Los Angeles. There is always something happening at the beaches that transfer the coastline of the city, and tourists as well as the local people make a beeline for it come summer. The winters too ar undisturbed and not too wet, but the pleasant breeze that blows down the coast of the shoreline and into ones living rooms in the evenings can send chills down some spines. It is chilling yet cool to be here. Be in the blinding sunlight of summer or the hazy shade of winter, there is some danger of forest fires and other natural calamities making life difficult for the residents. Joan Didion in her clean Fire Season recalls the blaze of 1978 that resulted from the Malibu and Kanan fires and wiped out parts of Malibu and the Palisades. Some areas of Los Angeles have been burned as many an(prenominal) as eight times. The local brush takes as long as 20 years to replenish itself. Thus we are looking at a major ecological disaster that reoccurs. With the weather patterns existence consistent enough to distinguish between summer, winter and the rainy season, firefighters and the Mayors Office are usually on high alert during both summer and wi nter season when there is a good chance of fires flaring up somewhere or the other. This may be exacerbated if the conditions have been ironical and unrelenting in the earlier part of the year. The conditions are so well known that even shrimpy children will describe the autumn season as dry winds and dust hair full of knots (Didion, 509). even there is something peculiar about the resilience of inhabitants to stay put in Los Angeles County despite the recurring fires. It is as if they are in a state of denial, or love the land too much to give way it. Los Angeles even has a Fire Index. Moving on to Truman Capotes recollection of spending Christmas in Los Angeles during the 1950s, where he had to play chaperone to a Negro girl who was coming to Hollywood in chase of a job in the mental picture industry. Describing the usual indiscretions here, it was noted that people regarded the absence of Youth as death. No one walks, there is usually a long line of cars lining the streets as the all mode of transportation. There is no time or inclination to have kids since everyone is so busy with their movie careers- it is termed the childless city (Capote, 354). A typical Hollywood home is so incomplete without some paintings of the master and everybody is supposed to have some knowledge about Art. There is much emphasis on formation and keeping up appearances, getting a toned, chiseled body and using botox to appear forever and a day young. Makeup and perfume is liberally applied and you are supposed to learn how to manage through divorces and remarriages. of age(p) people can relax and really appreciate the serenity of the place. Conclusion

Generating Revenue in Healthcare Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Generating R change surfaceue in health cargon - Assignment ExampleThis is achieved by offering of services that otherwise cannot be offered adequately by the divest family. This also takes the burden that could otherwise have been born by the bereaved family and thus the family focuses fully on the funeral ceremony. How else could you appease the deceased other than letting them spend their last moments with their family?The regimen and beverage incision offers a number of services. First and foremost, the program offers meals for the mourning gathering. The mourners as well as the family would like to have food to take them through during their stay with the bereaved. The division thus is able to provide meals offered four times a day. First, there is the morning breakfast that is taken at 7 oclock. This comprises black tea, black coffee, and draw and fruit salad.There are also diversions during the mid morning that comprises fresh juice, sodas, snacks such as biscuits and ev en donoughts. During the lunch hours, meals are also provided. This meal comprises vegetables, French fries, rice, cereals among other foods.There is also evening refreshment offered between 4 to 5 p.m. This comprises tea, coffee, milk, juices and fruit salad. Supper then follows u a few hours later and is served at approximately 8 pm. This meal comprises French fries, vegetables, rice, cereals and rounded up by a glass of wine.However, these meals are not fixed as suggestions from the host family are highly considered. Diversity and flexibility is a righteousness that the department embraces and thus whatever you wish to be displayed in the menu will be granted.The department also offers tents for hire. This tends offer shelter during the rough weather conditions. Chairs and tables are also being offered by the department to offer comfort ability during the services. Also offered is the public address system to ensure quality dialogue standards within the function. Humans

Global Recession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global Recession - Essay ExampleThe boom in the housing securities industry preceding the crisis was created through offering and promoting unregulated subprime mortgages in pursuit of stimulating demands to combat the slowing mountain in the aftermath of the busting of the dotcom bubble which led to a growth in the housing market that exceeded incomes eventually culminating to the collapse.To understand the present global nook and its causes, it is pertinent to first understand any economical recession theoretically. According to Keynesian effective demand framework, a fall in material mix discipline income is triggered by a reduction in the effective unite demand (AD) which is composed of planned substantive aggregative expending expenditure (C), a function of true aggregate national income itself, planned real aggregate investment expenditure (I), a function of the pose of returns on investment (r), Government expenditure (G) which is usually taken to be autonomousl y determined and finally net export demand (defined as the leaving between export demand and import demand, i.e., X - M). Now, in the Keynesian framework, there is sufficiently superfluity capacity to ensure prices and wages are sticky in the short run and thus a fall in aggregate demands bequeaths to a fall in output. This fall again dampens demand for consumption expenditure which in turn leads to reduced aggregate demand and in turn reduced real aggregate output. This mechanism continues and the real aggregate income goes on falling which is tantamount to a recession. Thus it emerges that a recession must be triggered by a fall in any of the components of effective aggregate demand. (Mankiw, 2002)In fact a recession is a part of a business cycle that the economic growth of all advanced economies experiences. The idea of the business cycle is that the growth path of real aggregate output follows an oscillatory trend with the rise gradually moving onto a prime where after a red uction or contraction follows until it reaches a bottom and begins to move up once more. The movement towards the peak from the bottom or the bowl is the period of expansion while the movement down from the peak to the trough is the period of recession. A period of recession is identified to be a depression if the real aggregate national income falls below the long run average trend. (McConnell & Brue, 2005) The expansion of the economy is supported and sometimes facilitated by monetary expansion on part of the monetary authority. This includes measures such as reducing the rate of interest to induce higher investment demand. This boosts the aggregate demand thereby leading to an upward lock of rising real aggregate income. However, as the demand for investment rises there is a rise in interest rates which increase the cost of production. Further the rise in incomes which motivates greater consumer spending, thereby lead to higher commodity prices. Increased demand to invest in fi nancial assets leads to risen asset prices. exclusively these factors combined lead to a fall in real aggregate demand and thus a slowing down of the economy thereby triggering the downward movement (Foldvary, 2007). Often, to prevent or to restrict this downward movement, governments resort to expansionary monetary and fiscal policies to stimulate demands and motivate increased investment and consumer spending. As will be showed in what follows, the present

International and strategic marketing Assignment

International and st esteemgic marketing - fitting ExampleThe several challenges faced over the years have also helped to propel the family into fresh heights. These include fierce competition from other consulting firms, the credit crunch which saw the company barely abide and the restructuring we had to do to increase efficiency and serve our clients better. The International Market After long consultations with the directors and other stakeholders, it was concur that the company should move to another level and expand into the international market. This provide be a striking privilege to the company. After the marketing team completed its analysis on the first location remote the UK that the company should base its services on, we decided to take the business to Paris, France ascribable to a number of reasons that will be outlined later. With the expansion to Paris, the company will also introduce a stark naked overlap in the market. This is an area that the company has researched on and found high demand for, especially in Paris. The newly product involves training programmes for International marketing. The most obvious reason as to the choice of this product is due to the situation that Paris, being a renowned historical city in the world, attracts several local and international tourists e really year. The training programmes in International marketing will thus be very utilitarian to the market. ... Secondly, new products in the market usually earn higher profits than old ones because of their unique qualities and the fact that competitors would not have caught up yet. This is especially advantageous in launching new products in new markets where such products tend to generate curiosity from the market. Thirdly, limiting the company to old products may make the company lose out on emerging markets or existing clients who eventually get bored of the kindred products presented in the same old ship canal (Husig & Kohn 2003). Seasonal variatio n in demand for products may cogitate that firms revenues keep fluctuating. Development of new products which are customized to be profitable during different times is one of the ways companies can use to ensure consistent revenues throughout the year. Technological advances today, especially in Information technology have made it easy for companies to easily develop new concepts at a faster rate and with lower costs. Developing new concepts therefore helps companies keep abreast with technological advancements (Kotler & Gray 2008). The first flavour undertaken included the brainstorming of ideas. Once it was made known that the company was going international, the employees in the company were very enthusiastic to pitch in ideas to help in the development of a product that would hit in the international market. Brainstorming on ideas is usually a great way to get new ideas on the table (Cateora & Graham 2002). Apart from shares by the employees and other experts hired to do the job, clients of the company were also asked for their contribution and the feedback received was very useful. After the ideas were sifted through, the marketing department did further research on the most operable ideas and the ideas were screened. The

Strategy for Sustainability Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Strategy for Sustainability - Essay ExampleIdentified battlefield for Improvement 14 5. Conclusion 16 6. References 17 1. Overview of the Paper and Briefing of the Selected Company The research piece of music is concerned with the presentation of materialistic evaluation of corporate kind responsibility (CSR) of such a caller that produces the particular report on the web. The objectives of the research paper will be fulfilled with reference to FirstGroup Plc. FirstGroup Plc is sensation of the top globose operators of the cargo ships aids earning revenue of more than 6 billion pounds. The order began its operations in the north eastern part of Scotland twenty years ago. Along the UK and North America, FirstGroup is concerned with providing ecstasy services to around 2.5 billion passengers per year. In these region, the total number of employees of the caller-out stands at 125,000. FirstGroup operates with a assembling of around 8,000 buses travelling in above 40 main cit ies and towns in the UK and North America. In Greyhound UK, the keep company also operates through the provision of regular services along London, Southampton and Portsmouth. FirstGroup proclaims itself to be the most popular transport service provider operating with complete safety, reliability, innovation and sustainable services. The company also presumes to be providing service with the mode of local approach but its presence can be experienced within the global environment (FirstGroup Plc, 2011). 2. Critical Evaluation of the Content of FirstGroup Plc CSR Report 2011 The contents that are included within the corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) report of a company are, to a considerable extent, dependent upon the size of the company and also upon the particular sector in which the company operates. These are also dependent upon the legal stead of the particular company along with the market position held (Hurst, 2004). Notably, these facts can also be considered as obstacle s to the CSR reporting activities executed by organizations (ORourke, 2004). It is for this reason that the larger companies operating with at least 250 workers are more apt(predicate) to be conversant with the concept of CSR than the middle companies with not more than 250 workers (European Working Conditions Observatory, 2009). However, considering several aspects of each and both company, it can be inferred that importantly, the most essential environmental and social issues are definitely required to be included in the CSR reports of the companies (Corporatewatch, 2006). Comparing the completeness of the CSR report of FirstGroup of the year 2011, it is noteworthy to mention that the report is consisted of adequate social and environmental issues. In this voice of the research paper, the issues will be critically evaluated in order to taproom the effectiveness of the companys report. The report has been started with the message from the Chief Executive Officer, Mr. Tim OTool e. This is a justifiable beginning because the trustworthy message from the most important stakeholder of the company generate creates belief among the former(a) stakeholders. However, messages from other important stakeholders could defecate also been added for enhancing the value of the Chief Executives proclamation. In the following section of the report, a brief introduction to the company has been provided briefing certain fundamental facts like that of revenue, number of employees, companys spending on goods and services, transporting figures and costs of the employees. It is credible that the company has chosen to highlight these good facts that have strong implication towards

World Religions From A Healthcare Perspective Essay

World Religions From A Healthcare Perspective - bear witness ExampleIn fact, proceeding from the information included in this chapter, it may even be claimed that on that point is no such thing as a unified American Indian religion whatsoever. This is back up both by the incredible diversity of tribal groups and nations among American Indians and Alaska Natives, and, on the divergent hand, by the absence of the organized religion (in the Western sense at least) among many of these peoples. The painful history of relations amidst the US Government and various Indian tribes had its brunt on the state of the wellnesscare provision to the American Indians, among other things. While the Indian Health Service (IHS) was established in 1955 to provide primary and comprehensive health care to the American Indians, many of the latter(prenominal) reside in metropolitan areas which lie pop outside the report of the HIS competence. This complicates the situation with regard to health car e provision and creates significant discrepancies in respect of the interrelations between the IHS and customary healthcare providers, on the one hand, and the customs dutyal tribal elders, on the other. When speaking on the subject of the specificity of American Indian religious traditions, it is necessary to observe that the practitioners of American Indian beliefs have a significantly different creation of the being than those of theistic religions. Unlike linear concepts of the proceedings of the mankind inherent in the latter, the American Indian belief traditions assume the circular development of the world, which is aimed at perceiving the world as a symmetric whole. Subsequently, the centre of this whole is construed as a state of peace and balance, including peace of mind, which informs the general understanding of the world in Indian religious traditions. Therefore the idea of healthcare provision in American Indian tradition is directly intertwined with the notion t hat the surrounding world is infused with spiritual energy that may be substantiate in particular healing substances such as some herbs. In practical dimension, this means that the concept of healthcare in American Indian worldview is directly connected with the idea of healing by constitutions aid and that of connection between the spiritual and physical health of the patient. Therefore the taking into report card of such complexities is absolutely necessary when dealing with American Indian patients. 3. Hinduism The essence of Hinduism as a correct of religious practice lies not so much in the regulation of the practitioners beliefs than in the regulation of the latters behavior. In reality, Hinduism can scarcely be characterized as a unified religion arising out of the certain consensus, as the majority of its practitioners belong to different sects and sub-cultures. Nevertheless, there are some common tenets that subscribe different strands of the Hindu religion together. O n the one hand, Hinduism is characterized by its reliance on the preceding, Vedic tradition that emphasizes the importance of ritualistic devotion to the gods, the maintenance of the devotees duties before the social structure and the world in general, the existence of the complex cycle of life and death, where the souls of the

BHS 427 Health Care Finance (Module 2SLP) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

BHS 427 Health Cargon Finance (Module 2SLP) - screen Examplewhich can be determined for a product. Indirect cost, on the other hand, includes factory smash-up and similar cost elements that cannot be assigned to a specific product or value.In sue cost, the cost for each product is not calculated. Instead, the be are calculated for an entire batch, or service provided for the entire month. This way, it is easier and cheaper to calculate the costs rather than to attempt to determine costs for each unit of end product however, the costs calculated can be used to determine average costs for each unit. The abut cost technique, thus, is inherently inaccurate.Process cost technique is most suitable for industries with similar types of products or go produced in an assembly like fashion. In health care diligence, although it can be argued that patients unremarkably concur similar problems (after all, all are human beings) and require similar treatment. However, the treatment does not follow a fixed approach (for example, not all patients suffering with influenza are recommended the same medicine). The treatment differs establish on patients past history, allergies to certain medicines and other factors. Thus it may not be practicable to put on carry through costing technique in the health care industry.Job order costing differs from process costing in the way it captures costs. In contrast to process costing method, job order costing method calculates costs of each job instead of an entire process. For instance, using job order costing method, a company can determine the cost of fixing doors to an automobile assembly. Using the process costing method, the cost of entire process (assembling the automobiles with all parts) would be calculated instead. Job order costing is usually used for one-time, unique, or specially ordered products.To calculate job order cost, the direct costs are taken found on veritable values whereas the indirect costs are computed as a percentage of direct material or direct labor consumption towards the job.Job Order be for Health Care IndustryThe job order costing for health care industry may take the form of identifying and calculating cost of fixing a new tooth within the overall alveolar consonant checkup process at a dentist clinic. However, the application of job order costing in health care, though can be thought of, but are somewhat limited collect to the nature of activities involved in health care industry. Activity ground CostingActivity based costing technique calculates costs based on actual consumption. This is carried out by identifying activities that are ask to be undertaken to manufacture a product or to provide a service, and then identifying the actual costs that are incurred to complete these activities. The cost of the entire product or service is thus calculated.Activity Based Costing in Health Care IndustryActivity based costing accurately provides the actual cost incurred on a product/ service and thus it is widely used in industry nowadays. This is the main reason why health care industry uses activity based costing pretense to calculate costs of providing health care services. Prior to implementing this model in health care

Living religion is not so much about where we finally arrive, but how Essay

Living pietism is not so much about where we finally arrive, but how we move there - Essay fountThe Native American Individuals had no plans of worshiping and reverenced when they were bemused by something in life. They continually changed their doctrines guiding their religion to harmonize with the changing environment.Judaism is considered a way of peoples life. It is a living religion, since it is made up of the society, dread and holidays. The Jewish religion thrived where there was the presence of a Jewish individual. The religious services were lively when the Jews assembled for the purposes of worship. The Judaism holidays enabled the Jews to tab connected through out the year seasons.Buddhism is an antique religious conviction practiced by the Egyptians and the Greeks. Buddhism is a living religious conviction as it is published in books and the internet. The teachings of the Buddha are applicable by the contemporary Buddhists in their daily activities in the society. I ndividuals still strive to apply the values of the ancient Buddha. Buddhism understands the suffering, which is part of military personnel life contrary to other religions blaming suffering on other causes.Hinduism is the oldest creed in the universe. Its ideologies are ground on the facts that everyone garners the fruits of his labor. It is based on the external truth as written in the scriptures. The religion lacks a common founder leading to conflicting ideologies spread by various groups. It is based on Gods interlocking in the daily activity of an individual. There are several living teachers of Hinduism, hence, it is considered as a primaeval living religion.It is a living religion as it evolves to match individual religious demands. Christianity has expanded to improver its number of followers. It treats all its followers as equal and is proof to the miracles, truths, peace and love in its doctrines. Christianity has neer changed its religious inceptions or doctrines and is forever in a stable state of evolution.Islam is a living religion as

Criminal Law Problem question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Criminal Law Problem question - Essay ExampleThe germane(predicate) facts in the Kennedy case are substantially similar to the facts in the given problem. In Kennedy, as in the case of Edward, the defendant merely prepared a dose of heroin for the deceased. It was the deceased who self-administered the drug as in Lisas case. In the Kennedy case, the court ruled that defendant Kennedy cannot be held criminally liable for manslaughter. Applying the Kennedy ruling, then Edward cannot besides be held criminally liable for Lisas death because Edward was not the one who injected the deceased with the drug. Under the same principle, Sarah cannot withal be held criminally liable for Lisas death as she was not the one who injected Lisa with the drug. Notably, Edward (unlike in Kennedy) was not besides the one who gave the syringe to the deceased. If Kennedy (who was the one who gave the syringe to the deceased) is not criminally liable, then a fortiori Edward should not overly be held cr iminally liable for Lisas death since he was not even the one who gave the syringe to the deceased. In ruling for the defendant, the Kennedy court had occasion to discuss the elements of the crime of unlawful act manslaughter (1) that the defendant committed an unlawful act (2) that such unlawful act was a crime and (3) that the defendants unlawful act was a important cause of the death of the deceased. In the given problem, Edward admittedly committed an unlawful (and criminal) act by proviso the heroin to the deceased. The mere act of planning heroin, however, could not carry possibly caused Lisas death since the supply of drugs would itself have caused no harm unless the deceased had subsequently used the drugs in a form and quantity which was dangerous.2 Clearly, any unlawful act manslaughter charge cannot be based on the mere act of supplying the heroin. According to the Kennedy court, the heroin (as in the given problem) is described as freely and voluntaril

How dividend signaling changes market valuation in UK Dissertation

How dividend signaling changes market valuation in UK telecommunication industry - Dissertation ExampleAs a financial consequence of increasing the dividend payout, the telecommunication company will have lesser getable fund to invest in research and development (R&D) and upgrading its existing telecommunication technology and infrastructure. Therefore, the future favourableness of the company could suffer. Increase in the dividend payout could signal temporary positive changes in the market valuation of telecommunication industry in UK. Although increasing the dividend payout could temporarily improve the market valuation of the company, public investors should be cognizant that a high dividend payout could deprive the company from being able to increase its competitive advantages as compared to its competitors. Eventually, end to increase the cash dividend payout could significantly decrease the companys future cash dividend payouts. Table of content Executive Summary . ... 7 d. Rationale for Choosing the inquiry Topic 8 e. Scope and Limitations . 9 II. belles-lettres Review 11 a. Impact of Dividends in Large personal credit line Organization . 11 b. Dividend Policy . 12 b.1 Historical Developments of Dividend Policy .. 12 b.2 Dividend Policy Asymmetric Information Model .. 15 c. Relationship in the midst of Dividends, Future Earnings and Business Profitability .. 16 d. How Dividends could Signal Changes in Market Valuation . 17 e. Other Factors that could Affect the Increase or Decrease of Corporate Earnings, Business Profitability, and Market or vernacular Stock Valuation in the case of Vodafone 19 e.1 Foreign Direct Investment or Business Expansion in International Markets .. 20 e.2 Investment on look & Development (R&D) and Technological Innovations .. 21 III. Research Methodology 23 a. Research Framework . 23 b. Research Hypothesis . 24 c. Research Survey Questionnaire Design . 25 d. Target Population, Sample Size and Research Venue .. 27 e . Research Evaluation Method 28 f. Ethical Considerations When Going through the Primary Research Study .... 28 IV. Research Findings and Analysis 30 a. Demographic Analysis

The Use of Animals for Research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

The Use of Animals for Research - Assignment ExampleScientific explore benefits most individuals because there atomic number 18 new products developed through research. Individuals benefit from the quality and safe products in society. There are specific animals used to test scientific products in society. The animals are bred in labs specifically to be used for scientific research. They are not taken from their natural habitat every time research needs to do. They are given specific diets that are important in scientific research. Human beings need animals to be ingredient of their survival. Nature gave the kind-hearted being a brain to be used to make life better. world are entitled to use the resources available to us to find ways of surviving (Melby, 16). The use of animals for research is vital for the existence of individuals in the universe. There is a food chain in the animal landed estate and animals hunt others for food. Individuals kill animals like cows and chicke n for food, it indicates that there is a food chain that exists. In conclusion, animals in biotechnology are only used for research. Animal testing should not be eliminated because of human benefit from it. Animal testing does give individuals the right to abuse animals. Animals need to be respected and handle with dignity. Statistics show that more than half of the researches on biotechnology depend on animal testing. The investigations depended highly on animal testing for success. Lastly, the use of animals for experimental testing has resulted in more benefits to human than the minimal impose on _or_ oppress it causes. Animals are important of biomedical research, for their contribution to the development of drugs.

Culture and World Wide Web Essay Example for Free

Culture and populace gigantic meshing EssayBasis ternet has changed our lives, ahead the profit, emotional state was only different. In early times, people sent letters for conversation, but now a day, The existence Wide Web has changed the world in more than one way. The Internet has suddenly changed politics, business, and polish. at present today, at that place is no accept to sent letters, it is the modern era, the instruction technology time, in which information crapper drive non more than half second to be sent. ternet has changed our lives, before the internet, spiritedness was completely different.In early times, people sent letters for communication, but now a day, The World Wide Web has changed the world in more than one way. The Internet has suddenly changed politics, business, and culture. Now today, there is no need to sent letters, it is the modern era, the information technology time, in which information can taternet has changed our lives, befor e the internet, Life was completely different. In early times, people sent letters for communication, but now a day, The World Wide Web has changed the world in more than one way.The Internet has suddenly changed politics, business, and culture. Now today, there is no need to sent letters, it is the modern era, the information technology time, in which information can take not more than half second to be sent. The technologies be growing, developing, but did the culture changed and saturnine iternet has changed our lives, before the internet, Life was completely different. In early times, people sent letters for communication, but now a day, The World Wide Web has changed the world in more than one way.The Internet has suddenly changed politics, busiternet has changed our lives, before the internet, Life was completely different. In early times, people sent letters for communication, but now a day, The World Wide Web has changed the world in more than one way. The Internet has sud denly changed politics, business, and culture. Now today, there is no need to sent letters, it is the modern era, the information technology time, in which information can take not more than half second to be sent.The technologies are growing, developing, but did the culture changed and turned into a one culture, not at all. Discovery of computers and internet has come like a miracle to mankind. with this the intercontinental communication has increased. People are gaining knowledge approximately other cultures, but this does not mean(a) that they are in full adopting the other culture and this is because soness, and culture. Now today, there is no need to sent letters, it is the modern era, theinformation technology time, in which information can take not more than half second to be sent. The technologies are growing, developing, but did the culture changed and turned into a single culture, not at all. Discovery of computers and internet has come like a miracle to mankind. Th rough this the worldwide communication has increased. People are gaining knowledge about other cultures, but this does not mean that they are fully adopting the other culture and this is because sonto a single culture, not at all.Discovery of computers and internet has come like a miracle to mankind. Through this the worldwide communication has increased. People are gaining knowledge about other cultures, but this does not mean that they are fully adopting the other culture and this is because soke not more than half second to be sent. The technologies are growing, developing, but did the culture changed and turned into a single culture, not at all. Discovery of computers and internet has come like a miracle to mankind. Through this the worldwide communication has increased.People are gaining knowledge about other cultures, but this does not mean that they are fully adopting the other culture and this is because so The technologies are growing, developing, but did the culture change d and turned into a single culture, not at all. Discovery of computers and internet has come like a miracle to mankind. Through this the worldwide communication has increased. People are gaining knowledge about other cultures, but this does not mean that they are fully adopting the other culture and this is because so

States Ought Not Possess Nuclear Weapons Essay Example for Free

States Ought Not Possess Nuclear Weapons EssayI clamor upon the scientific community in our country, those who gave us nuclear weapons, to turn their great talents now to the display case of human range and world peace to give us the means of rendering these nuclear weapons impotent and obsolete. Ronald Reagan spoke these oral communication in office and non for the fact that he was in office, unless for the fact that these words ar true do I agree with him. We used our nuclear weapons once, merely one time, saw the cause and effect, yet we keep them in our takeion to potentially attack again. We not need these weapons laying around, but to be dismantled and done away with entirely, which is why I affirm the resolution that states Resolved States ought not possess nuclear weapons. For clarity, I present definitions and observations States independent nations. Ought used to express obligation, advisability, natural expectation, or dianoetic consequence Observation mave n To have possession of a weapon is signifying the ability, preparation, and willing to execute their use, because taking lives is immoral then possession for something of that same cause is immoral.Within todays round, we moldiness separate what the main goal of nuclear weapons is, to protect the nation that controls them. Because of this, we must value societal Welf ar to a higher place everything else in this round. The winner of this round must be able to recognize a world where Societal Welfare, being the maximization of a countrys wellbeing by increasing the economic, political, physical security, and successfulness of its people, are improved. For this reason with costs, consequence, and benefits of an action, we must do this through Utilitarianism, which emphasizes doing the most good for the most people.Contention One Nuclear Weapons Do Not Improve Lives Nuclear weapons represent a structural and existential trap, of which in that location are only two ways out with bom bs being exploded, or bombs being dismantled. Either we disarm, or we perish. Jonathan Schell 82 The Fate of the Earth 215-17. I agree with the latter we disarm we survive, because Murphys fair play states, Whatever can go wrong, will go wrong. For one reason were nuclear weapons created, to kill, like any other weapon. Killing thousand upon millions of people is not beneficial to any society thus we must dismantle any and all nuclear weapons.As humans we try and do prevent war, diseases, and suffering, it is in our nature, but nuclear weapons do all of this at the push of a button. Instead of focusing on improving the quality of human life, we become fixated on the prevention of war, while simultaneously never attaining peace. Instead, we puzzle at the threshold of mass destruction in the form of nuclear war. Robert Jay Lifton, professor of Psychiatry and Eric Markusen, Professor of Sociology, University of Minnesota, wrote in The Genocidal Mentality.The threat of nuclear war will prevail as long as states possess nuclear weapons and brandish them for security. This will inevitably result in their use. The proposition that nuclear weapons can be retained and never used, accidentally or by design, defies credibility. Ronald McCoy, Conflict and Survival. He continues by saying, Human beings are fallible. In conventional war, mistakes cost lives, sometimes thousands of lives. However, if mistakes were to affect decisions relating to the use of nuclear forces, there would be no learning curve.They would result in the destruction of nations. Contention Two Nuclear Weapons Serve No safe Purpose If you go on with this nuclear arms race, all you are going to do is become the rubble bounce. Winston Churchill, former Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, said that if we continue to have an arms race the eventual result will be world destruction. So thus nuclear weapons pay heed no beneficial purpose if the whole point of them is to obliterate their target. So if we possess them they will never serve a purpose unless we use them.Charles Glaser , Associate Professor, the Irving B. Harris Graduate School of Public Policy Studies, University of Chicago, 1998 said, Disarmament would snuff it all countries vulnerable to the political demands of a successful proliferator. Whatever danger proliferators pose today would be far greater in a disarmed world, even though the previously nuclear states would eventually be able to rebuild nuclear weapons, they would be unwilling to accept a period during which a proliferator enjoyed a nuclear onopoly. Robert Jay Lifton, Professor of Psychiatry and Eric Markusen, Professor of Sociology, PHD, University of Minnesota, wrote in their book The Genocidal Mentality, At the psychological and material brass of the transformation in consciousness we are suggesting is the replacement of dissociatied deterrence with an integrated mind-set and a indemnity of national defense that is neither genocidal nor threa tening.This goal requires the correction of the entire deterrence system because that system is inherently genocidal. To reject the genocidal system requires breaking out of its closed reasoning and recognizing that destroying the world in response to a perceive attack is politically unacceptable.

Defeat of the Red Army Essay Example for Free

Defeat of the ablaze(p) ground forces EssayBy looking at what the areas where the Soviets failed during their in sheepskin coatistaniistan, we can further develop our counterinsurgency tactics and doctrine and shape our forces. mujahadein Defeats of the rosy legions An important and remark fitting event in history was the Soviet- Afghanistani contend. The Afghans, the likes of their ancestors, battled a hostile, invasive force that wanted to dominate their homeland. For the first time, Afghanistan would become the center of a modern pan-Arab Jihad (Holy War) (Hill, 2008). The Afghans were rubbish a war of attrition just as their ancestors did during the Anglo-Afghan Wars. The Afghans would find themselves using modern weapons that had the potential of causation a high number casualties and emigration of greater proportions. The difference surrounded by the Afghans in the Soviet-Afghan War and the Afghans who fought in the Anglo-Afghan war would be the help and support from go forthside superpowers. By the end of the Soviet-Afghan War, the Soviet total was at the point of f exclusivelying the Afghans and those who were assisting them were looking at a achievement. How could such a powerful country like the Soviet Union be defeated by the Afghans?The Soviet Union confused the Soviet-Afghan War as a result of mistakes and failures that they do. The Soviets failure to revenue stamp the resile between Pakistan and Afghanistan, failure to stand up and in effect(p) Afghan military and failure to move on the hearts and minds of the Afghan people contri buted to the defeat of the blushing(a) multitude. blow to Disrupt Supply Lines During the initial atomic number 23 years of occupation, the Soviets never mounted a sustained attempt to cut off the mujahadeen supply lines that ran from Pakistans tribal areas, across the Hindu Kush Mountains, and into Afghanistan (Roy, 1991).Instead, the focus of the Soviets from 1980 to 1982 was to post ov ersized-scale arto a greater extentd operations in locations that were considered hotbeds of rebel activity. After 1982, the Soviets used aerial assaults to assist in their combat operations to eliminate the support base of the mujahadein. It was non until 1985 that the Red Army starting do an trial to disrupt the Mujahideen supply lines. The Red Army began using Spetsnaz units, which were the Red army peculiar(a) Forces units, behind Mujahideen frontlines, to organized surprise attacks against the rebel supply caravans.Once the Spetsnaz had the location of the Mujahideen, they would load into Mi-24 helicopter gunships, sneak behind the Mujahideen positions, and launch attacks. The effectiveness of the raids the Spetsnaz used became apparent in 1986 where thither was a decrease in the number of Mujahideen attacks against the Soviets. The attacks against the Soviets decreased because the Mujahideen was non able to thrum workforce and equipment that they commanded to mount a n effective guerrilla campaign.The Soviets leadership was aware of the amount of men and a large amount of equipment that the Mujahideen was moving from Pakistan across into Afghanistan on regular bases, so its interesting wherefore they did non make an effort earlier in the war to disrupt the supply lines. The Soviet leadership feared that if they conducted operations that might extend into Pakistan they would draw the United States into a large-scale war that the Soviets did non want. So, conducting operations on the Afghan side of the b raise against the rebels was an activity that the Soviets could justify without dra elevateg the United States into the war.According to Oliver Roy, the Soviet failure to seal the brink with Pakistan was the most significant military mistake in the war against the Mujahideen (Roy, 1991). With an unsealed border, the United States with the help of the help of the Inter-Service Intelligence, ISI, began funneling in weapons to the Mujahideen in the 1980. At the start of 1980, the telephone exchange Intelligence Agency began to purchase weapons from several countries to include China, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, and other Arab nations. Once these weapons had been purchased they were shipped to the ISI headquarters dictated in Peshawar Pakistan.The United States funded more or less $30 million dollars in 1982, but in 1984, the CIA spent some $250 million purchasing pistols, AK-47s, ammunition, surface to air missiles, and other supplies for the Mujahideen. By 1985, the CIA was spending $500 million dollars on the resistance in Afghanistan. 1985 was the same year the President Ronald Reagan signed the National Security Decision guiding 166. This directive stated that the CIA was to drive out the Soviets from Afghanistan by every(prenominal) means available (Crile, 2003, p 363).In 1986, the CIA approved the purchase of heat-seeking missiles and almost 1000 per purchased. The heat-seeking missiles were very effective in downing th e Soviets helicopters, but the Mujahideen did not put these missions into use until 1987. Pakistan who was driven by Islamic identity had a vested interest in the outcome of the Soviet-Afghan War and made a great effort to take care that the Mujahideen was victorious. To ensure victory for the Mujahideen, Pakistan established a network that would transport all of the weapons that had been purchased to the Mujahideen.Once all of the weapons that had been purchased and arrived to the ISI headquarters the ISI would distribute the weapons to the Mujahideen, who would get the weapons and supplies to the soldier in the field. The Mujahideen would use tractors, trucks, camel, mules, and horses that could blend in with the rest of the cross border job or they would carry on on dirt roads that were only accessible by foot over the border into Afghanistan. It is evident that without the help of the Pakistanis, the Mujahideen would not behave been able to support because they could have n ot been able to supply their soldiers.Throughout the war, the Soviets and the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan, DRA attempted to pressure Pakistans President Zia to seal the border between Afghanistan and Pakistan with troops, but this came to no avail. President Zia responds to the request to seal the border was that Pakistan would not do it but that the Red Army and the DRA were more than welcome to do it. regardless of who would attempt to seal the border it would be an hopeless task when you consider the length and mountainous terrain that would have to be covered.In 1985, the Red Army started to disrupt the Mujahideen supply lines by putting thousands of troops on the border with Pakistan. At the same time, The Red Army began a bombing campaign hitting border towns that were sympathetic to the rebels and placing Spetsnaz units on the borders to conduct search and destroy missions from behind Mujahideen front lines. The Red Army began using their gunships to jaunt up and d own the border looking for destroying Mujahideen supply caravans. The bombardment used by the Red Army turned a large portion of the border etween Afghanistan and Pakistan to land that no longer could be inhabited. This de race effort started to become effective as it made it almost impossible for the Mujahideen supply caravans to move freely. In 1986, the Mujahideen countered the Red Army by using the Stringer missiles to bring down the Red Army Helicopters. To avoid being hit by a Stringer missile the Red Army Pilots had to fly at a higher altitude but the higher altitude made it difficult for the Red Army to effectively attack the Mujahideen supply lines.Although the terrain along the Afghan and Pakistan border made it difficult to tout ensemble seal the border, it would have been possible to disrupt the flow of men and supplies coming into Afghanistan. This was evident by the Red Army between 1985 and 1986. Had the Red Army been willing to take a higher loss of supporttime be fore 1985, it would have been possible to decelerate down the Mujahideens ability to get weapons into Afghanistan. The softness by the Red Army to establish an effective way to disrupt the Mujahideen supply lines was not the only apprehension that the PDPA could not survive without the support of the Red Army.The Red Army also failed to make believe an Afghan National Army that could protect the PDPA against the Mujahideen. Part of the reason why the Red Army could not stand up the Afghan Army was because there were Mujahideen sympathizers in the ranks. This is also part of the reason why the Soviets could not win the hearts and minds of the Afghan people. When the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan, they left the country without the means to protect its self. ill fortune to build an Afghan Army As early as 1980, Soviet leadership k bracing that it was going to be difficult to build up the Afghan Army.This was partially due to the fact that the PDPA regime was unpopular with ga lore(postnominal) Afghan people, and there was also a deep hatred for the Red Army troops. The unwillingness to participation for the Soviet Union and the DRA was reflected by the decrease in the Afghan Armys ranks. The Afghan Army decreased from 90,000 to 30,000 men from 1980 to 1983 (Schofield, 2003). During the Soviet occupation of Afghanistan, it was common for Afghan soldiers to leave their units with their weapons and ammunition and join the Mujahideen. in that location is an account in July 1987 where an entire 2,000-man unit defected to the Mujahideen in Kandahar (McMichael, 1991). In addition to the defecting that was happening there were reports of Afghan officers frequently sabotaging Soviet equipment and vehicles. For the Afghans who remained many only fought because of the Soviet troops presences on the frontlines who would not consent to them to runaway. As a result of the Afghans people unwillingness to fight for the Soviets and the DRA, the PDPA could only build a low-toned military force, the total that numbers 120,000 to 150,000 fighting men.With its small size and the challenges they had recruiting the Afghans to fight for the PDPA regime, the Afghan Army was ineffective. The Afghan government was also only able to draft sixty-five percent of the personnel it needed to fight the insurgency they faced. Although the Afghan Army did have their share of success, these successes were limited. Mostly because the Mujahideen had sympathizers in the ranks that would provide the rebels with wisdom about upcoming operations that were planned.Since Mujahideen supporters had infiltrated the Afghan Army, Red Army soldier do not care to work closely on operations or share the intelligence they had because of fear that the dilate on upcoming operations would be shared with the rebels. To make matter worse for both sides, absolute officers of Afghan units would only be informed of upcoming operations one day in advance. On 9 January 1981, a conscriptio n law designed to increase the strength of the DRA Army, was adopted by the absolute Military Council of Afghanistan. The Afghan Army was given tanks, aircraft, armored personnel carriers, and small arms by the Soviets.Regardless of what had been given to the Afghan Army they were not going to be able to defend the PDPA regime from the rebels by the time the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan. This is based on the fact that it was going to be hard to recruit soldiers to fight for a collectivistic an also because many of the soldiers that had been recruited were informant for the Mujahideen. The ineffectiveness of the DRA Army was illustrated by two Soviet deserters when they said, The capital of Afghanistan army was not an army, just a mess, with half of the soldiers running away and the other half link the rebels (Amstutz, 1986, p. 80). The inability of the Soviets to win over the Afghan population showed to be a tremendous obstacle as the attempt was being made to stand up an ef fective Afghan military. Had the Soviets induce the Afghan population that the PDPA was worth fighting for the Soviets counterinsurgency plan could have been more effective in getting rid of the Mujahideen. The Soviets inability to win over the hearts and minds of the Afghan people ended up being a big obstacle that led to the Soviet defeat in Afghanistan.Failure to win the Hearts and Minds The Soviets needed to convince the Afghan population that it had a stake in the survival of the socialist regime if they were to have a chance of preserving the PDPA government (Delgado, 2006, p. 27). This would show to be impossible since the Afghan mullahs had declare international jihad against the occupying Red Army. Knowing the jihad had been declared against the Red Army, they still launched a program with the inclination on winning the hearts and minds of the Afghan people.The Soviets attempt to Sovietize the Afghan people used measures that include revamping the didactics system and t eaching the population a pro-Soviet ideology. Adults and children were taught Marxist terms by Soviet institutions that had been trade into Afghanistan. The Soviets reformed the education system, reinterpreting Afghan history, taking control of the media in order to reeducate adults, and sending children to the Soviet Union in order to be ameliorate. The Soviets goal in all of this was to create a version of Islam that the new Afghanistan would be based off.Building a steady Communist party was part of the Sovietization program. A strong Communist party would be the center of all legitimate political activity for the country. In order to monitor social organizations in Afghanistan, Soviet style government institution were established. A diligent effort had been made by the PDPA to indoctrinate its member, a majority of which joined the party so that they could obtain a job in the state. The task of trying to indoctrinate the member was difficult and many felt that it was idle an d corrupt.The DRA was unpopular throughout a large portion of Afghanistan. With this unpopular view of the DRA, there was a need to rewrite history in order to paint the Soviet Union in a more favorable light. This change to history was going to be done in two parts, first was to prove Russia as the essential supporters of Afghan independence, and the second was to minimize the cultural ties the Afghan people had with India, Pakistan, and Iran while evince the ties with the citizens of the Soviet Union.The Soviets strategy in winning the hearts and minds of the Afghan people was not to turn all Afghan into Marxist, but to teach the Afghans that they identified more with the Soviet way of life than with traditional Afghan society and customs (Roy, 1989). The Soviets took total control of the Afghan media and bombarded it with pro-Soviet propaganda. The Soviets desired in all of this was to have the Afghans hinder what their history was and replace it with the identity that the Sov iets were giving them.The Soviets not only rewrote the history books and took over the media the Soviets took control of the education system with the goal of molding a new generation of Afghans that would support the PDPA. To accomplish this, teachers who refused to do what was asked were arrested or exiled. Fatherland Training Centers were created around Afghanistan, where Afghan orphans were trained to be Soviet special agents, political organizations for children and teenagers in order to teach them to become faithful Soviet citizens.The Soviets made Russian the official language of all students attending middle school up to college. The Russians were committed to indoctrinating Afghan children. Statics reflects that by 1989, 000 Afghan students were being educated in the Soviets, and another 15,000 students annual would travel to the Soviet Union see the Russian way of life and to take part in short courses and training programs (Roy, 1989). The Soviets used psychological opera tion to undermine not only the Mujahideen but also the civilian population to resist the Soviet occupation and the PDPA regime. nearly of the bigger programs used include massive leaflet drops, propagandistic radio programs, starting conflict between rival tribes that would undermine Mujahideen unity and bribing teachers to use their classroom in order to spread Soviet propaganda. KHAD Intelligence would insert special agents into Mujahideen units and prisons where Mujahideen members were held with the goal of getting information on operations that were being planned and to find out whom the leaders in the resistance were. Regardless of what the Soviets attempted to do in order to win the hearts and minds of the Afghan people they failed.The Afghans remained true to their Islamic identity, culture, and family traditions so it made it impossible for the Soviet Union to convince the Afghans that they were acting in the best interest of the country of Afghanistan by occupying and suppo rting the PDPA. With a call of jihad being declared against the occupying Red Army, it was going to be impossible for the Soviets to win the hearts and minds. The Afghans viewed the Soviets as an occupying force that were hostile to Islam so no program introduced by the Soviets to win the hearts and minds would be successful.The Soviets made an admirable effort to win over the Afghan people but due to the fact that they were viewed as a overseas occupier took away any possibility that they could convince the Afghan people to support the PDPA government. Winning the hearts and minds of the Afghan people were impossible from the beginning since the Afghan people had such a strong Islamic heritage and tribal culture and that the Soviets were viewed as a foreign occupier, but the Soviets also did not help themselves with their brutal campaign to drive Mujahideen supporters out of Afghanistan as refugees.The effort to rid Afghanistan of Mujahideen supporters left one million Afghan civi lians dead and five million displaced (Roy, 1989). The strategy used by the Red Army to rid Afghanistan of Mujahideen supported included artillery strike against Pashtun villages, bombing raids and, the burning of agricultural fields, the killing of livestock through the use mines and artillery, and the contamination of water and food supplies through the use of chemical weapons (McMichael, 1991).The efforts made by the Red Army to divest the Mujahideen from a portion of its civilian support network was successful, but with the brutal methods that the Soviets used in order to get the objectives done did very little for the chances of winning the hearts and minds of the Afghan people. Conclusion The Soviets lost the Soviet-Afghan War to the Mujahideen do to their own failures and any country could stand to earn a a couple of(prenominal) lessons from the Soviets after their experience in Afghanistan.The first lesson would be the importance of disrupting the Mujahideen supply lines. Although totally securing the border may have been impossible, the Red Army could have focus more of an effort prior to 1985 to slow down the amount of men and supplies that were moving into Afghanistan from Pakistan. Had the Soviets been willing to take more of rest with their Soldiers, the Mujahideen would have never been able to get the supplies they needed into Afghanistan.The second lesson that could be taken from this is that before the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan they needed to ensure that the Afghan Army was ready to defeat the Mujahideen on their own. Since the Afghan Army was not able to defeat the Mujahideen on their own, everything that the Soviets attempted to achieve in Afghanistan was lost once the Red Army withdrew. The weak Army allowed Afghanistan to fall into a civil war where the Taliban came out victorious.The Soviets should have taken into reflection what they thought the status Afghan Army would be once they withdrew before invading Afghanistan. The th ird and closing lesson is that it was going to be impossible for the Soviets to win the hearts and minds of the Afghan people. Many Afghans viewed the Soviets as invaders, and a jihad had been declared against them. Along with the hatred that the Afghans had for the Soviets the Soviets also countered themselves with brutal military operations against Afghans that were thought to be true-blue to the Mujahideen. The Afghan population will refuse to support a regime that is viewed as a foreign occupier, regardless of the sophistication of the occupying countrys effort to win the native hearts and minds(Delgado, 2006, p. 35). References Crile, G. (2003). Charlie Wilsons War The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History. New York, NY Delgado, J. A. (2006). Troubling Parallels An analysis of Americas Inability to overcome the obstacles that led to the defeat of the Red Army in the Soviet-Afghan War.Athens, OH The University of Ohio. Hills, C. R. (2006). Beyond Charl ie Wilson The Soviet Afghan War. Atlanta, GA Atlanta International School. McMichael, S. (1991). Stumbling Bear Soviet Military Performance in Afghanistan. London, England Brasseys. Roy, O. (1989). The Sovietization of Afghanistan. Afghanistan and the Soviet Union. Boulder, cobalt Westview Press. Roy, O. (1991). The Lessons of the Soviet-Afghan War. London, England Brasseys. Schofield, V. (2003). Afghan Frontier. New York, NY Tauris Parke Paperback.

LAW 421 Theory to Practice Essay Example for Free

LAW 421 scheme to Practice EssayTheory to Practice Questions1.At one point, if ever, did the parties have a skip?The parties had a guide when they agreed on the samara terms of the dissemination contract. The first arranging was a 90-day negotiation agreement and the second was an verbal distribution agreement in a meeting prior to the end of the 90-day negotiation. The oral agreement was followed by an netmail sent to cabbage in which the terms of the agreement were reiterated by the manager of BTT. The manager of BTT showed objective attentive to contract. In addition, faxes, emails, letters, memos, and receipts help establish a handshake deal (Hartline, 2007, para. 3). In other words, when BTT sent the netmail stating all the key terms orally discussed between the parties were agreed upon, both parties showed intent to contract, therefore the agreement of key terms should be considered downstairs contract. 2.What facts may weigh in favor of or against clams in te rms of the parties objective intent to contract? FavorChou received payment from BTT, atomic number 82 Chou to mean BTT had intent to come to agreement. The meeting ended with an oral agreement.There is proof of the oral agreement via the BTT email. The e-mail may be considered a rough gulping of the contract. The manager sent the e-mail including all of the key terms the parties agreed upon. Even though a month had passed, BTT still quest a copy of the distribution agreement draft. The amount of time spent on the contract and in contact with both parties shows intent to contract.AgainstNo signatures from either party to bind the contract.The 90-day negotiation deadline passed with only a written agreement, even though the negotiation agreement stated only a written contract was valid. The contract wasnt drafted until BTT requested a copy a month later. The e-mail did not utilization the words contract.3.Does the fact that the parties were communicating by e-mail have any reg ard on your analysis in Questions 1 and 2 above? The fact that the parties were communicating via e-mail did not impact the analysis ofquestions 1 and 2. E-mail is a viable and effective form of communication in directlys world, especially in business. E-mails can be saved and used as evidence in many court cases. According to the mailbox rule, the e-mail was sent prior to the 90 days and was considered recognised when it was sent (Melvin, 2011).4.What role does the statute of frauds play in this contract? The statute of frauds applies to the sale of goods over $ergocalciferol sales over that amount need to be in writing (Melvin, 2011). The provisions of the statute of frauds be satisfied if the writing contains several items, including quantity, signature, and clear, concise language (Melvin, 2011). The textbook states that key terms were discussed and agreed upon in the e-mail, however I am not sure if that included quantity. However, BTT provided an electronic signature in the e-mail and the language in the e-mail could be interpreted by a reasonable person as intent to form a contract. Therefore, the e-mail pretty much satisfies the statute of frauds conditions.5.Could BTT avoid the contract under the doctrine of mistake? Explain. Would either party have any other defenses that would allow the contract to be avoided? I dont think BTT can void the contract under the doctrine of mistake. A contract is void under the doctrine of mistakes because of misunderstanding in the parties involved such as colored mistakes and mutual mistakes. Nothing in the text indicates BTT made a mistake their reason for not fulfilling contract was a change in management. Chou made the mistake of thinking the e-mail was a draft of the contract, however the fact that BTT requested a copy of the draft a month later gave Chou the impression the company still wanted to conduct business.6.Assuming, arguendo, that this e-mail does constitute an agreement, what consideration supports t his agreement? In order for a contract to be binding, it must be supported by agreement and consideration. The visit (Chou) was willing to give up something of value (his game) and the promisors (BTT) promise was part of a heap for exchange (the key terms in the agreement, specifically price and time frames). BTT led Chou to believe that they were under contract because of their mutual agreement and consideration.ReferencesHartline, K. (2007, September). Oral contracts Do they carry any weight?. court-ordered Zoom. Retrieved from http//www.legalzoom.com/business-law/contract-law/oral-contracts-do-they-carryMelvin, S.P., (2011). The legal environment of business A managerial approach Theory to practice. New York, NY McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook array database

Google in China Essay Example for Free

Google in China EssayGoogle is the fastest upriseing Internet search engine company. Googles mission is to conduct the worlds information and make it universally accessible and useful.(external Business Competing in the Global marketplace, pg 148-149) They convey a mantra of Dont be Evil. Google started this mantra to be the main message to show consumers they would non compromise the integrity of its search results. This case reviews the situation under which Google was required to censor its content and chose to launch its in the raw search engine site. The case explains the role of the Chinese g overnment and its regulations in the Internet market which had a negative effect on Googles operations in China. In 2000, Google started a Chinese language divine service. This service was operated from the United States. Chinese authorities blocked the site in 2002 because China censors information to their citizens. This block strike Googles managers.This was a challenge the m anagers did not plan on. If they done their research of the Chinese Government and elaboration prior to launching the Chinese language service, they would get known the block would be inevit adequate and they could set out tailored their service to the Chinese regulations, culture, and laws. Google knew China was an advantageous business and they would need to adapt their service in order for it to be acceptable and profitable. Google also had to move the Chinese operations to China. Operating from the United States caused un allow foring connection speed and hinder their operation and growth. This was a good move because it enabled Google to employee Chinese citizens who would be able to help understand and adapt to the Chinese laws, regulations, and censorship demands. Google managers made a mistake by not researching their target market. However, they acted quickly in learning and correcting this mistake.Google still offered Chinese citizens a better search engine, unless it was not without censorship. The Google search engine offers more results than its competitors, Yahoo, Microsofts MSN, and Chinas own company, Baidu. Google states Chinese consumers will get more information on their site, though not quite all of it. (International Business Competing in the Global marketplace, pg 148-149) In 2006, Google had 30 percent sh are of Chinas internet search engines. Baidu had 40 percent. This left another 30 percent split between Yahoo and Microsofts MSN search engines. These percentages are good, especially when one considers Yahoo and Microsoft had entered the Chinese search engine market prior to Google.Baidu has several advantages over Google that are mostly associated with it being a Chinese based company, the search engine has competence in pinpointing queries in the Chinese language (Yin Yulin, 2010, p. 4). Government relations with China are precarious for businesses effectiveness. Google did not have a clear understanding of what they would be i nvolved in. China has become more supported and self-confident due to its increasing economic significance.They are more reluctant to be pressed by westerly governments or companies into changing its long term regulations and censorship. Because of this aspect, China does not yet comprehend global strategies and the importance of global public relations. This causes them to be more rigid in their international business dealings. All-in-all, Google has been able to grow successfully in the Chinese search engine market and maintain the number two item (behind Baidu) in China despite their lack of early research on the Chinese culture, governmental regulations, and laws.ReferencesInternational Business. Competing in the Global Marketplace, Seventh Edition, Chapter 3 Differences in Culture ISBN 9780073381343 Author Charles W. L. Hill copyright 2009 McGraw-Hill, a business unit of the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Religious beliefs Essay Example for Free

Religious beliefs EssayHumans have been, for ages, be themselves being challenged to do what is just and right. However, this idealism is often created out of confirming with ones society. for each one society has its own culture, principles, traditions, politics and religious beliefs. geniuss act of good deed may be considered the opposite in the eyes of a person foreign to his culture. Confirming with the societys norm had been considered a conflict to a persons decision-making. One person may loss to speak out his mind on such controversial issue but kept soundless to avoid being antagonized by his peers. The unrestricted media and press became the gladiators arena between granting immunity of expression versus tact according to society. Raising ones voice that opposed the societys mentality is often discouraged due to gaining nonhing but peoples ire. But not saying anything at all is in like manner considered as moral co fightdice- it produced same negative results as those of arbitrary communication. This essay would like to persuade its readers or listeners that voicing un customary ideas can make a digression in the world. To quote as famous statement from the past, The right way is not always the popular and easy way.Standing for right when is unpopular is a true test of moral character( One historical example of positive results from expressing ones voice is found in Japan. Japanese politics had been exclusive only to men for centuries until around 1920s. The 1920s had been the era of revolutionary reforms that greatly overshadowed the older orthodox laws under the Japanese government. With reforms being entertained to be made on the Japanese constitution, two of the close highlighted changes are the womens suffrage and political inclusion.One notable adult female who campaigned for the womens rights is Kato Shidzue. She is the first woman to be elected in the Diet and famously assisted Margaret Sanger, a fellow womens liberationist , in promoting contain control to Japan. It was a period where in a transition is still undergoing, from conservative upbringing to a much more liberal lifestyle. Being a feminist brought Shidzue anger from most men specifically the Japanese military. This resulted of her being arrested on 1937 for opposing to the ruling of producing as many children as possible.Yet, her perseverance of expressing her principles and competitiveness for par served as one of the founding blocks of just treatment of both genders (Hopper, 2004). Another example would be Martin Luther King Jr. , the famous civil rights activist who campaign to end the racial segregation and discrimination. despite the strong dominance of the white supremacists around that time, King took action through organized and peaceful means. He was a firm believer that violence was not the answer to the problem and knew that with this tactic it would garner the publics attention more compared to the former.On that fateful day on the year 1963, his speech authorize I Have a conceive of was the most pivotal moment during the March on working capital for Jobs and Freedom. With genius use of rhetoric along with fiery passion, King called for his country to acknowledge racial equating and to end discrimination of color. His life was threatened several times due to his message of bringing equality for the black people. To this day, no single American had forgotten the I Have A Dream speech of this brave believer of what is right and just for all people (Kirk et al, 2007).History repeats itself as psyche quoted from the past. To this day, this saying still rings true. Moral cowardice does have repercussions if people remain passive in a long period of time. It takes a lot of courage to rise up for ones belief so it is reasonable if not all would be eager to clash with societys norms. The consequences of this inaction would usually end up regrettable and horrifying. The Holocaust is one fine example. At fi rst, the Jews were ridiculed and discriminated in Germany. No one tried to question this action for fear of receiving the Germans wrath.The Aryan race factor also fueled the fire which led to antagonism to both races. It was already too late as the war finally occurred Nazis ordered a systematic genocide of all European Jews that now famously called the Holocaust. everyplace 17 million casualties resulted from the state-ordered annihilation (Niewyk Nicosia, 2000). Another example would be the Martial jurisprudence in the Philippines during the 1970s. president Ferdinand Marcos held the presidential seat for almost twenty years, ruling the country with an iron fist.For several years, only a couple of(prenominal) dared to stand up against the Marcos regime and question their intentions on proclaiming Martial Law. The Filipinos suffered the continuous wreckage of its economy and the severe decadency of the said government. If it wasnt for Benigno Aquino Sr. s assassination, the pe ople would never be motivated to fight for their rights and regard for a democratic government (Ackerman Duvall, 2001). A pen is mightier than a sword is not message to be taken lightly. Speaking out ones mind has the power to motivate people to any take action or change their opinions.No matter how unpopular an idea is to the society, what mattered is the courage to stand up for ones principles. Martin Luther King Jr. and Kato Shidzue proved that even with several obstacles barricaded in front of anyone, one should always defend what is just. As long as someone listened, there go forth always be people who will be supporting the idea. Moral cowardice maybe a norm for the most people around, but historical events such as the Holocaust and the Philippines Martial Law proved that staying tight-lipped would not guarantees a persons safety.References Helen M. Hopper, Kato Shidzue a Japanese feminist (New York Pearson Longman, 2004). Kirk, John A. , ed. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement Controversies and Debates (2007). 224 pp. Niewyk, Donald L. and Nicosia, Francis R. The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust, Columbia University Press, 2000, pp. 45-52. Peter Ackerman jack DuVall (2001), A force more powerful a century of nonviolent conflict, Macmillan, p. 384

The Impact of Advertising on Customer Satisfaction Essay Example for Free

The Impact of publicise on client Satisfaction Es secernateIntroductionMobile technology introduced in 1957 aft(prenominal) introduction of beginning(a) amply automatic rambling surround. Prince Philip was the first consumer to use mobile yell in his car in 1957.He uses that phone to talk with Queen while he was away on the road. Those days mobile technology has considered heights end luxury even Dukes not allowed to use mobile, but now trends has changed completely , mobile phone considered as necessity of career. It is now exploitation to communicate and keep in touch. (UK Telephone History 2010)In Sri lanka Luxembourg based Millicom International cellular was first company to introduce and erect its function in Early 1990s called Celltel, afterward in 2007 its rebranded as Tigo .Current Etisalat is exist after acquisition of Tigo by Etisalat UAE in 2010.Those days mobiles was used by higher market segment , only(prenominal) line of credit executives and well gi ve employees afford to talk using mobiles. Later in 1993 introduction of digital based mobile governance by Dialog (Axiata Telecom) Malaysian based mobile phone company ,which translates to a greater extent secured and clear services than previous analog mobile phones with Sms ( Short Message service) under GSM technology using 2G and 2.5G. In 2004 Mobitel (Subsidiary of Sri lanka telecommunication)was launched and later introduced first ever 3G services not only in Sri lanka in whole south Asia which ranks Sri lanka first country to launch 3G services, meditate Back GroundMobile Phone technology in Sri Lanka has boastful tremendously during last few days. currently in 2013 all five operators providing 3G insurance insurance reportage almost in e truly main district with claiming of 70 sh are area covered with 3G.Mobile technology in Sri Lanka provides tuner voice and data service at very affordable price. It eases day to day business and ain contact around the Island, wit h 5 operators and thousands of communication broods, now communication lavatory be done easy from any remote village of Sri lankasuch as Batticolla or Metropolitan city such as capital of Sri Lanka and Galle. Now everyday millions of people ma fagot billions of calls and using tons of data service by using telecom operators multimillion clam infrastructure and giving out revenue to operators in return.( International telecommunication northward ITU, 2013)Due to high competition from five operators and heavy tax imposed on imported mobile phones, GSM subscribers market in Sri lanka is highly satu governd. Mobile market in Sri Lanka was running with less growth rate during last few years, In 2012 mobile penetration rate reached 91% with Dailog Axiata sharing the bountiful cold shoulder of 7 million clients around 40 percent of total mobile subscribers followed by Etisalat Sri Lanka and Mobitel with 20 percent of market share each operator with more than 4 million subscribers and than Comes hovel Sri Lanka and Airtel with less than 15 percent of market share with less customer delight and poor coverage.( International telecommunication confederation ITU, 2013) Each mobile operatorlooking for more subscribers and increase market share claims best coverage with huge publicizing on mass media. client satisfaction is the main target for these operators and by modify compensable ad and PR they are on the way to wee more customer satisfaction. instrument panel 1- Number of Sri Lankan Mobile Subscribers in Millions foretell 1, Fixed lines and mobile market Growth in Sri lankaStudy Area sea chantey Telecom chanty Sri Lanka is a mobile operator in Sri Lanka under supplementary of Hutchison Hong Kong Based Mobile operator. Hutchison telecom not only mobile service provider in Sri lanka they are to a fault providing voice and data 3G services and operating currently around 10 countries worldwide including utmost east countries Indonesia and Australia , in Eur ope they are in Italy, Sewden, Denmark, Austria, Ireland and United Kingdom.It was launched in 2004 with the mission of Island wide coverage in a near future. Now Hutch cover more than 70 % Island wide coverage approximately, It claims first operator in Sri Lanka who offers most district covers all around Sri Lanka under 3G coverage. Hutch Sri Lanka provide voice and data service to 1 Million Subscribers around the Island (Hutch.lk). After its launch hut Sri lanka spends up to 71 million Hong Kong dollars in network expansion and announce including improving infrastructure and increase identification number of communication towers for best coverage, apart from that huge amount excessively spend on media promotion and advertising including TV commercials and billboards on streets.(Hutch lose its Customer 2008)Figure 1 Hutch publicizing Claim some 3G coverageFigure2 Hutch Voice And 3G CoverageHutch Sri Lanka advertisementHutch Sri Lanka like other players perpetrate millions o f Sri Lankan rupees in advertising , in which they play jingles to attract its customers and increase their satisfaction in brand. Among other ads Kiyanaa Kiyanna ( sayit) was the first TV commercial of Hutch Sri Lanka , which get often attention imputable to story of reside in 30 second paid commercial. Famous Sri Lankan cricketer Kumar Sangakkara also earlier attached with Hutch Sri Lanka as a brand ambassador to Hutch for three consecutive years from 2005 to 2008 in which he quotes near Hutch Between July 2005 and August 2008 I had a contract with Hutch only. I enjoyed my three years working with Hutch and the relationship was mutually beneficial. (Island Cricket 2005)Public Relation activitiesHutch Sri Lanka also besides paid advertising also involves in PR Public Relation activities to satisfy its consumers and spend a penny positive image among its consumers in which employee blood share get much media attention. In this campaign hutch employees donate their blood to Sri Lanka National Blood Transfusion Service (NBTS) and mention intimately advantages of blood donation in society in which Hutch Sri Lanka encourage others to donate their blood often to saves life.( Hutch saves life 2010)Least Customer SatisfactionHutch telecom Sri Lanka still didnt achieve its target of 1 million subscribers, currently it comprises last number in customer satisfaction ranking with little subscribers.In 2010 after launch of Etisalat Lanka and Airtel bharti limited .Hutch current ranking comes at number 5 in last among its competitors operators. Hutch Sri Lanka has better infrastructure and quality of service but lack of merchandising psycheals and wrong choice of advertisement media its reputation is going down day by day. Sri Lankan consumers not willing to use its services delinquent to less number of subscribers which force them to pay levy in order to call their family and friends through and through Hutch Sri Lana to other operators or non hutch numbers.SWOT A NALYSIS OF HUTCH SRI LANKAStrengthIts communication tower coverage almost throughout all Sri Lanka. Fast Internet speed through 3G technology with upper limit coverage area covered with 3G compared with competitors, such as Jaffna first covered by 3G by Hutch Sri Lanka.WeaknessLess brand exposure among its consumersLow or weak signal coverage in remote areas.OpportunitiesHutch couple sim, which allow call between two numbers at very cheap rate, unique service by hutch Sri Lanka Lowest IDD call rates which attract bleak customersThreatDeclining in number of subscribers due to poor coverageMobile market is saturated due to five competitors in Market.Research Objectives and Research QuestionsThe topic under consideration is The impact of Advertising on customer Satisfaction with special reference to Hutch Sri Lanka. Research ObjectivesThe objective of this explore is to critically break apart least customer satisfaction issue facing by hutch Sri Lanka which pushes back Hutch Sri Lan ka at last position in subscribers ranking. Hutch telecom has a say-so to get more subscribers through correct advertising with correct selection of advertising media.The following are the main objectives of the research1-To essay the concept of advertising2-To Study the concept of Customer Satisfaction3-To analyze the Relationship between Advertising and customer SatisfactionResearch Question1-What is advertising?2-What is the customer satisfaction?3-What is the relation between Advertising and Customer Satisfaction?Literature ReviewAdvertisingAdvertising is the non personal communication of information commonly paid for and usually persuasive in nature about products, services or ideas by determine sponsors through the various media (Bovee/Arens, 1992, p7).(Deborah F. Spake M Joseph 2009)advertising is one most fast growing industry in ground forces and direct to consumer powerful advertising has change the way of advertising industry in USA, where consumers demand is moni toring device sooner placing of advertisement, this type of advertising is mostly done by pharmaceutical companies.(P Nelson 1974) Advertising delivers the information of product attribute plus depicted object to the target audience on selected media. crusaders priority is to force gross revenue through his message. Often more sales can be achieved by heavy stamp battery of sellers message through traditional and mass media. each trustworthy and honest information deliver to consumer generate more sales and brand equity.(Julie A. Edell M Chapman 1987) Consumers whole step about any paid advertising create a lot of affect on sales. If advertiser convey the message which create positive feeling in consumer mindset than convincing potential consumer becomes easy else prohibit feeling creates oppose effect. (Charles H Patti 1997)When same seed is cultivated in two antithetical fields with different ware of crops or fertility rate even under same climate , one field with more average fertility rate will always give more crops compare with other field. alike case apply in advertising if quality efforts are applied on two different product in which one is high advertisement opportunities and while other is low than revenue generated and sales will differs from each other. He further elaborated that advertising spend should be high only on those products in which product life cycle stage not reach its maturity state. Advertise product and service should be have some uniqueness among its competitors and there f should be large size of potential consumer in that geographical area where product to be advertised.(Robert J L Gary A 1961)In changing environment advertising purpose is to create sales , advertisers put their product or service on advertise to create sales in steps, in which in first is comely share information about the product information and create awareness of the product after the launch than second step which comes after some period of time is an extreme buy now ad , design to create immediate sales. (Nikolaos K P1989) The current involvement in advertising consumer products is the Attributes of Advertising message has put great impact on consumer indecision making process.If advertising message securely designed and expose to mind of consumer than it went to long term memory of target consumer, such as doggerel song of brand during advertising which create positive affect to change target customer into opinion customers.Advertising is the main source of marketers to introduce their product and services in any geographical market. Electronic media has much considerable progress to help marketers to advertise their products at reasonable cost. Advertisement message reach millions of potential customers which help composition to grow its business and create more revenue.Customer SatisfactionAny person who spend his income to get good or services through any organization is called as customer or a customer is a person who does the buying of the products and the consumer is the person who ultimately consumes the product (Solomon, 2009, p.34.) Any costumer can be pleased, unhappy or reject the product offered by advertiser, sales person or detail branded organization if its attributes does not match with its requirement and demands. Customer satisfaction comment is defined by (Tse Wilson , 1998, p 204 ) consumer after purchase decision to judge the quality of product completely depend on consumer choice (Fornell, 1992, p.11) After cash transaction and receiving of product , customer satisfaction can be called as post choice evaluation judgment of the consumer after consume the product at very first time(Oliver,1980)According to Schiffman Karun (2004) Any individual consumer feel and look about any particular products or service which he/she judge his expectation after buying the product. Customer satisfaction is also described as the result of human feeling, Marketers in order to beatnik lev el of customer satisfaction they have to measure feeling of their customers after buying their product.(Levy,p.6NBRI,2009). Levy (2009, p.6) mention three type of criteria to measure customer satisfaction 1- Through survey among current consumer of particular product or service in which feedback can be collected to measure customer level of customer satisfaction. 2- Through focus pigeonholing intervention in which expert moderator can decide the level of costumer satisfaction after discussion with consumers. 3- Reading blogs and direct contact with customers.Satisfied customer is customer who repeats purchase of the product and also refers helps organization to get more customers by words of mouth. Customer satisfaction increases the business of organization, where dissatisfied customer puts negative effect on company image and brand. Relationship between advertising and Customer SatisfactionMarketers spends millions of dollar every year in advertising budget to create favorable i mage of their brand, satisfy them and get them to purchase. satisfaction makes advertising more affected as satisfied customers pay more attention in advertising of product whom they satisfies after previous purchase(E W Anderson 1994) Advertising creates a certain type of feeling in consumer mind which leads to consumer satisfaction of that particular brand in consumer mind.(Ew Anderson 1993) .Customer satisfaction are more meaty aspect in any trade as at the end , customer is always the king because they create revenue for the organization.Customer satisfaction or dissatisfaction have direct impact on value of any organization.(Naresh K Malhotra 2007) 2nd edition Marketing research p 92-107.Advertisers should understand the consumer behavior before start work on any advertising campaign, as advertising only be effective and satisfy its consumer if its design to get attention of target market by touch the internal perception of consumer.(Gustav puth.P Mostert 1999)) diary of p roduct and brand management, consumers perception of mentioned product and brand attribute in magazine advertising.)ReferencesAnderson, E.W, Sulivan m.W (1993) The Antecedents and consequences of Customer Satisfaction for firms, Marketing science 2, 2 ( spring), pp 125-143Anderson, E.W,Fornell, C, Lehmann, DR (1994) Customer Satisfaction Market share and profitability Findings from Sweden, Journal of Marketing, 58, 53-66 Bovee, C.l and Arens, W.F, (1992), Contemporary advertising, 4th ed,, Richard P,Irwin Inc,, Homewood,IL. Deborah F Spake, Mathew Joseph, R Zachary Finney. (2009). Journal of Medical Marketing Consumer opinion and effectiveness of direct-to-consumer advertising 21-28 Dr Charles H Patti 1997, University of Sheffield Evaluating the role of advertising 32-35 Fornell,. (1992). A National Customer Satisfaction barometer The Swedish Expereience.Journal of Marketing, 56, 6-21 Julie A and Marian Chapman Burke (1987), The power of feelings in understanding advertising effec ts, Journal of Consumer Research, 14 (December), 412-433 Lavidge, Robert J. and Gary A. Steiner. 1961. A sticker for predictive measurements of advertising effectiveness. Journal of Marketing. 25(October), 59-62. Micheal.R Solomon (2009).Consumer behaviour, buying having and being, 8th edition, Pearson education, inc Naresh K Malhotra 2007 A critical view of marketing research of diffusion of new products 2nd edition Marketing research 92-107. Nikolaos K. Papavassiliou, (1989) The Involvement Model in Advertising Consumer Products Abroad, European Journal of Marketing, 23 ,1 Oliver,Richard L.1980 A Cognitive model of the antecedents and consequences of Satisfaction Decisions. Journal of Makreting research 17 (September)p 460-469 Phillip Nelson 1974, Journal of economy University of Chicago Advertising as Information 1 , 2-5 Puth, G, Mostert, P, Ewing, M (1999) Consumer perceptions of mentioned product attributes in magazine advertising. Journal of Product Brand Management, 8 , 61-72 Schiffman,L.G and LazarKanuk, L.(2004) Consumer Behaviour. 8th edition. New Jersy Pearson education Inc, Upper Saddle RiverTitus Tse, David K, Petter, C. Wilton. (1998). Models of Consumer satisfaction An Extension Journal of Marketing Research, 25 .204-212 UK telephone history (2010) British telephone history online available fromhttp//www.britishtelephones.com/histuk.htm 10th January 2013Hutch staff blood Donation (2010) Hutch staff meet save a life online available From http//www.ceylontoday.lk/22-19553-news-detail-hutch-staff-joins-save-a-life.htm 4th January 2013International telecommunication union ITU, (2013) Facts and figure Sri Lanka mobile telecom online available From http//www.itu.int/ITU-D/ict/newslog/default.aspx 6th January 2013NBRI (2009) Customer Survey White paperonline available From http//www.nbrii.com/customer-surveys/Measure_Satisfaction.html November 27th, 2012)Hutch Lose its Customer (2008) Lanka Business Online report online available From http//www. lankabusinessonline.com/fullstory.php?nid=728615133 5th December2012Piet Levy, (2009,),Advertising and Customer Satisfaction Online available From http//web.ebscohost.com/ehost/pdf?vid=5hid=12sid=3e223a11-3ffe-4951-b092-735c449be46%40sessionmgr11 November 5th, 2012)Island Cricket 2005, Sangakkara Quits Hutch online available From http//www.islandcricket.lk/blogs/hilal/sangakkara-hutch-or-airtel November 22th 2012)Figure 1, Fixed lines and mobile market Growth in Sri lankaonline available from http//www.lankabusinessonline.com/fullstory.php?nid=1160489410 5th January 2013Figure 2, Hutch Voice and info coverage across Island ,Onlimne Available from http//srilanka-promotions.com) http//srilanka-promotions.com/telecoms/hutch-sri-lanka-3g-coverage-map-23-may-2012-85/attachment/hutch-23-may-2012/ 2nd January 2013Figure 3, Hutch Advertising Claim about 3G Coverageonline Available from http//www.hutch.lk/aboutus.htm 2nd January 2013 Tables* Table 1-* Number of Sri Lankan Mobile Subscribers in Millions