Research Paper On Maternal Smoking Of Pregnancy, Fetal...

Genre Analysis Outline Picked topic: Maternal Smoking in Pregnancy, Fetal Development, and Childhood Asthma Type of genre: Research paper Conventions of research papers: Abstract- is usually a 250-word overview of the research paper and provides the main idea of the study. Includes the 6 sections that are stated below. As stated in â€Å"Writing in the Health Sciences† it is usually written after paper is complete and is the first thing people read. In my text: the abstract includes the main point of the objectives, methods, results, and conclusions. Underneath is what seems to be the introduction but is not stated as introduction. Also, a variation in my text is that the abstract is very short and doesn’t explain into detail. Instead each main point is one sentence rather than a short 250-word paragraph. Introduction- to provide a framework of your study. It explains why your research paper is needed and important. Also shows how your project fits into existing research and is where you hook the reader and establish your credibility as a writer. Includes the researcher’s questions and hypothesis from the experiment. In my text: the introduction is not specifically stated as introduction but can be identified under the abstract. Here the researchers justify to the readers the relationship between smoking during pregnancy and the risk of low birth weight from recent studies. It also includes how this relationship of smoking during pregnancy could effect the risk ofShow MoreRelatedPreterm Births : Causes And Effects3044 Words   |  13 Pages Title Page Number Abstract 2 Introduction 3-4 Causes of Preterm Births 5 The Effects of Previous Preterm Deliveries and Cesarean Sections on Current Pregnancies 5-6 The Correlation Between Maternal Infections and Preterm Birth 7 The Effects of Environmental Factors on the Risk of Preterm Births 8 The Correlation Between Maternal Consumption of Drugs and Alcohol on Birth Outcomes 9 Prevention 10 Conclusion 11 References 12 1 Abstract Preterm births are the leading reason for infantRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 PagesIncome Medicare Beneficiaries Subtitle B—Reducing Health Disparities Subtitle C—Miscellaneous Improvements TITLE III—PROMOTING PRIMARY CARE, MENTAL HEALTH SERVICES, AND COORDINATED CARE TITLE IV—QUALITY Subtitle A—Comparative Effectiveness Research Subtitle B—Nursing Home Transparency Subtitle C—Quality Measurements Subtitle D—Physician Payments Sunshine Provision Subtitle E—Public Reporting on Health Care-Associated Infections TITLE V—MEDICARE GRADUATE MEDICAL EDUCATION TITLE VI—PROGRAM

The Acts Of The Christian Movement Essay - 1920 Words

The story of the Acts details the growth of the Christian movement from a small group of dedicated followers into a multi-ethnic, international movement. As quoted by The Bible Project, â€Å"[Acts] is a story about Jesus leading his people by the spirit to go out into the world and invite all nations to live under his reign† (Mackie Acts Ch. 1-12.). Traditionally this book has been called the Acts of the Apostles because it describes the apostles’ deeds in spreading Jesus’ message. As Paul and Peter journey through the ancient world they bring with them the word of God. Sinners, gentiles, and persecutors alike are invited to join the movement and seek salvation. In Acts, Luke details the growth of the Christian movement and attributes that growth to the power of Jesus and his message of welcome which invites an ethnically and geographically diverse followership. The story begins in Jerusalem where the risen Jesus Christ describes God’s kingdom to his disciples and instructs them to carry the message of His kingdom to the ends of the earth. The disciples begin during the Festival of the Pentacost at which Jewish pilgrims from all over the ancient world have gathered. Thousands of these pilgrims receive God’s message and accept his calling to create communities of generosity and worship. Before the disciples leave Jerusalem, they are preaching to a mostly Jewish crowd. As such, their persuasive methods are generally geared to the Jewish tradition. First, the disciples claimShow MoreRelatedWhat Was Paul s Response Of The 1st Century Circumcision Controversy?1399 Words   |  6 Pagesdifferent churches and members of the church. Many Christians believed that following the mosaic law, which included the act of circumcision, was no longer required for salvation as having faith and accepting Jesus as the messiah would be enough. 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Social Popularity and Academic Success free essay sample

CHAPTER 1 THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING A. Background of the Study The phase of growing from a child to being an adolescent, factored by the observation of academic performance, coupled with peers appreciation on the individuals response to the system; continue to be one of the prime topics of discussion, explored in the educational system. It is recommended to review the importance of peer relationships of children and its arguable influence on their psychological and social development. Observing a relational margin between students’ popularity in adolescence and his/her academic success, there is a superlative part of understanding the question â€Å"Does popularity influence academic success, within the boundaries of an educational environment?†. B. Statement of the Problem The purpose of this study is to uncover the level of the impact of social popularity and academic success of Bachelor of Science in Accounting Technology Education students of UM Tagum College. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Popularity and Academic Success or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This study aims to answer these questions: 1. What is the level of the impact of social popularity to students in terms of: 2. What is the extent of students’ academic success in terms of: 3. Is there a significant difference on the extent of the impact of social popularity to respondents when grouped according to: 3.1 Gender 3.2 Year level 4. Is there a significant difference on the extent of students’ academic success when respondents are grouped according to: 4.1 Gender 4.2 Year level 5. Is there a significant relationship between the extent of the impact of social popularity and students’ academic success? C. Hypotheses Based on the abovementioned problems, the researchers have formulated the following hypotheses: 1. There is no significant difference on the extent of the impact of social popularity to respondents when grouped according to gender and year level. 2. There is no significant difference on the extent of students’ academic success when respondents are grouped according to gender and year level. 3. There is no significant relationship between the level of the impact of social popularity and the extent students’ academic success. D. Theoretical and Conceptual Framework E. Significance of the study College Students. This study would be able to help college students know the prerogative of being socially popular as well as its effects on their academic success. Moreover, it would give them the idea on what are the possible instances that they may encounter as to attain academic success. Professors. Professors would benefit from this study as they could better apprehend that the varying level of academic success of the students is caused by the said factors of social popularity. Parents. Future Researchers. Giving emphasis on the academic success of students who are socially popular could give the future researchers a great idea that they could also conduct similar studies with. F. Definition of Terms For better understanding of the readers, terms here are conceptually and operationally defined for:  Social Popularity. Social popularity is a situation in which someone or something is popular with many people (Macmillan Dictionary, 2009-2013). It is the condition of being liked, admired, or supported by many people. The quality or state of being popular, especially the state of being widely well-liked accepted, or sought after (The Free Dictioanry by Farlex, 2013). Academic Success. Academic success means that a person has met or surpassed the goals they set academically. It may be they get certain grades, or a certain GPA. It could be they make the Deans or Presidents list (Ask, 2013).

The Effects Of The Industrial Essay Example For Students

The Effects Of The Industrial Essay The Effects of the Industrial RevolutionThe Industrial Revolution was absolutely beneficial to the progress of the world from the 1800s all the way to present day. Sacrifices were made which allowed technological advancements during the Industrial Revolution, which in turn, created happiness, life opportunities, and an over-all, definite amelioration of life. At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, many hardships had to be overcome, causing great grief to most of the population. Faith was lost, patience was tried, and a blanket of oppression covered the people of Europe. When new inventions arose to facilitate the producing and mass-producing of goods that supplied the people of Europe, nearly everyone was forced to begin a new career within a factory. These are just some of the hardships that many loyal, hardworking citizens were faced with. The reverberations of these new inventions caused a dramatic plummet of the life expectancy of an average citizen to an alarming 15 year s of age. Women and children were expected to work up to 16 hours a day and doing labor that could cause serious injury, like carrying extremely heavy loads. For their work, they were paid ridiculous wages, women around 5 shillings per week, and children about 1. One can easily recognize the negative aspects of such a dramatic event. However, if one steps back to view the revolution as a whole, he will notice that the positive aspects completely outweigh the negative aspects. We will write a custom essay on The Effects Of The Industrial specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The job opportunities and price decrease definitely improved the lives of the people, giving them a chance to be a part of the society and be able to purchase products at a price that wasnt too bad. Many lives changed outside work. There were many national benefits of this revolution. One very important thing was that there became many more goods available because of the mass-production. Due to this mass-producing, the goods also dropped in price, which considerably benefited those who were financially struggling. Along with the mass-producing came more employment opportunities, which allowed some of the less fortunate people to have a chance of getting a job. The increase of new ideas and inventions led to an increase of the quality of life. Medicinal products became more plentiful, transportation improved, and free education was available. People began to find themselves with more leisure time. Wages were increased, health benefits became available, and eventually, pension became a vailable to those who retired. These are just some of the many aspects of the revolution that benefited the people as a nation, which made them happier, and made the government safer from rebellion. There is still one more aspect of this revolution and that is the effects of it on present day. Without the inventions and changes that took place to form a more ideal society, we wouldnt be where we are today. Without labor laws and health benefits, the life expectancy of a human would drop at least 20 years. Our lives would not be integrated with the technology that helps us learn and grow such as computers, cars, and airplanes. Without the growth of industrialization, there would not be the need for any of these inventions, and we would all still be working on a farm. Some would say that they would rather live on a farm, but many can easily see how much better our lives are with the effects of the industrialization. Let us step back and view the revolution as a whole now. In the beginning, people struggled and suffered, and this happens with all change and progress; people sacrifice. As time passed, people gained more benefits, and their lives became better. Work became much less tedious, and many people found themselves with more extra time. Finally there is the modern day and the future. Technology and industry has dominated our world, improving it to a point that would have been unimaginable one hundred years ago, and with the help of the people, the sacrificing and the hardships, progress continues.

Human Nature and War

Human Nature and War Human Nature and War All human history and its prehistory are riddled with wars. People always fought with each other and they still continue fighting. There is even a point of view - and it is reasonable - that the human species are children of war. In this regard, the following questions emerge: firstly, does war deepen some human needs psychological, social, etc. If not, then how can we explain war constant reproducibility and vitality? Secondly, can a man live without war? We finally got to the point where war threatens the very existence of humans as species. Is there a chance that the humanity will be able to eliminate this aspect of their life, like war, and armed violence more realistically and largely? If we answer this question negatively, does it mean that mankind is doomed to self-destruction? If we answer yes, and a person can live without war, then, what are the conditions and mechanisms to eliminate violence from human arena? Consequently, theoreticians, practitioners and educators questi on such issues since they become more and more urgent. A man always was, is, and probably will be aggressive. It seems clear and indisputable. There were opposing, sometimes mutually exclusive views on its causes, nature, drivers of creation and manifestation. Today, there are diverse theories of aggressive behavior. Among these theories, of course, we should mention the theories of Freud, Lorenz, Fromm, etc. All aggression theories should be classified into four main categories: 1) innate impulse, 2) external stimuli (frustration theory), 3) cognitive processes, and 4) social manifestation (Lorenz, 1937). This paper is focused on two approaches: the first and third ones. The first category is based on the fact that aggressiveness is seen as an innate instinctive form of behavior. In other words, aggression is manifested because it is genetically programmed. Consequently, any, even the most positive changes in social environment, cannot prevent its manifestation. The third group tak es into account such aspects of human experience as cognitive and emotional activities. Proponents of these theories assert control over aggression as control of behavior by a simple teaching of people who really think of the potential risks to adequately assess the threatening situation. So, according to two opposing sides (human nature theorists and cognitive theorists), violence and war can be either innate in a human being or it can be eliminated by different approaches and teachings. The inner essence of a person stems from an animal beginning which is forced to survive amongst other animals. It is well known that only the strong ones survive, when the weak ones die sooner. However, not only due to their physique muscle strength, speed legs, acute teeth, jaw strength or flexibility of the body they can survive, but due to physical force embodied in their internal energy, inner power, which determines an individual way of perceiving the environment (Axson, 1935). This is the power of aggression, an instinct of aggression. A human need to label everything what makes him (a man) to disclose this instinct, put in a specific content. Moreover, the fact that a person invests in this concept is determined solely by subjective motives, needs, experiences and, in the end, moral and ethical attitudes and values, worked out in the course of human evolution of species. Here is an apparent contradiction that is manifested in the fact that nature cannot be moral, good or bad , beautiful or not, etc. Nature is what it is. The fact that there is today existed yesterday and will exist tomorrow. Ethical categories are the product of man. And only people believe that something is beautiful and something is ugly. Depending on what kind of image perception of aggression occurs in humans, it is called to determine its appropriate moral and ethical categories and concepts. According to human nature theorists, men and animals are fundamentally the same in nature. However, it is a special animal with such characteristics, aimed at deceiving oneself and others that he is not an animal. What is so special? It seems that a human is the only animal that is able to create an ideal and strive for it. Still, in its quest to get closer to the ideal a human is ready to break anything due to his/her biological (animal) nature, transforming under the influence of the social nature which is still dominant. Basic instinct (force) in humans, despite their social evolution, remains to be the instinct of aggression, covered with a social blanket certain norms, attitudes, rules and values. Does not this explain a human desire for the creation of so-called cyborgs (cybernetic organisms), which fundamentally devoid man's inmost feelings, frustrations and feelings (Wilson, 1913)? Thus, people may solve the problem of whiners and moralists, taking the path of formation of a God-man (Ford et al., 1965). When a biological animal man transformed into a social animal man, his aggressiveness has also acquired the relevant social forms. No animal kills more than it needs, no animal kills for fun, and no animal is improving its ability and opportunity to kill. The only animal that has it all is a man. However, he is the one who is looking for and trying to find reasons and justification for his aggressive behavior, thinking of all the isms and acting solely on behalf of the majority (a family, a group, a tribe, a nation, and a world community). He is the one who kills his own kind in order to achieve his goals and intentions. In nature, this phenomenon is one of casuistic, as even the most rapacious and ferocious animal is content with its flight opponent. A man kills far more than he needs. While even bloodthirsty jackals and hyenas are content which what they get as remains from the royal lion table, knowing the measure of all things. A human being is the one who destroys and kills with no need. Finally, he is the one who kills for pleasure. Aggressiveness of a man is manifested in the form of an animal-biological level of a individual (a murder) or a team (a conflict, a war) and in the form of a socialized, appearing in the social-psychological and other human relations (harassment, pressure, restrictions, threats, neglect, and etc.). A man, as noted above, destroys and kills his own kind (of course, we mean not only a purely physical destruction), far more than he needs, but only as much as he needs to eliminate the bulk and subordination to implement his internal motivation and instincts. Aggressiveness of a man requires the application of an object; otherwise, it cannot occur, which may result in destructive manifestations of an individual (Eysenck Kahan, 2004). One of the points of view of modern psychology regards aggressiveness as a relatively stable personality trait. Sensitivity, being biologically determined, in a human environment is subjected to certain modifications and is defined as the degree of socialization and ethno cultural norms, requirements, and installations. However, regardless of how long a whale can be swimming in the deep sea, it is still cannot become a fish. So, in the end, it floats to the surface of the water to carry a life-saving breath of air. Similarly, despite the fact how socialized a person may become, a man cannot run away from his biological nature, given huge and sustained strength of aggression (Eissler, 2005). As a result, what are the internal forces of aggression? From theorists point of view, at the very beginning of the person`s formation such traits were based on the need to survive among the fittest and more powerful animals. Subsequently, solving these problems, aggression could not disappear as it was acquired as an environmentally sensible sign. It changed its vector and transformed into forces of envy and hatred, the mechanisms and motor of a modern man` aggression. These forces were posed to human images of the external world by themselves and were developed under the influence of the environment, as a man himself acts in accordance with these images. Depending on the severity and intensity of these forces, and under their influence, the perception of the environment (mostly, of course, social media) and all its intertwined elements lost resemblance to the reality. Each person does what dictates his personal perception of images, a refracted through from the above noted environm ent. These two forces (envy and hatred) can be called differently ambitions, self-centeredness, lust for power, but one can also add sadism, narcissism, etc. The essence still does not change. Despite the consistency of instintivist theories, the theory that presumes that aggression originates from causing, defined as not an instinctive motivational force that results from the deprivation of any significant body of things or conditions, and increasing as a result of this kind of deprivation becomes more and more widespread and gains recognition (Lorenz, 1937). Among these theories, the most widespread theory of aggression and frustration was proposed by Dollard J. et al. (1939). However, it should be noted that the theory of Dollard and collaborators have a precursor in the form of the McDougall`s concept (Bailey, 1974). Among the twelve basic instincts this author pointed out aggressiveness. He defined aggression as a predisposition to anger, resentment and violent elimination of any interference or obstacles that prevent the free exercise of any other trends (Bailey, 1974). The essence of Dollard and collaborators` study is simple and lies in the fact that frustration always leads to some form of aggression, and aggression is always the result of frustration. This theory is based on two assumptions: 1) aggression is always the result and consequence of frustration, 2) frustration always leads to aggression (Ford et al., 1965). However, subsequent studies have not confirmed these two postulates, and found that the relationship was not alw ays straight and simple. It can be argued that frustration may contribute to aggression. However, it does not always occur, and not so often. Mostly, frustration causes aggression, especially among those who have learned the habit of reacting to frustration with aggressive behavior. In terms of Miller (Bailey, 1974), it is correct that frustration generates different behaviors and aggression is the result of many factors, other than frustration. The other aspect is the theoretical work, which is a synthesis of the theories of learning and cognitive theories and behavior (including aggression). First of all, it presents the attractiveness of the expected consequences of actions. Cognitive models of aggression emphasize the emotional and cognitive processes in aggressive behavior. In particular, in terms of Berkowitz (Eisenberg, 2005), frustration or other aggressive stimuli (pain, discomfort, unpleasant odors, etc.) are subjected to cognitive processing and provoke aggressive reactions by forming a negative effect. That is why aggression arises insofar as forming a backlash. Zillman (Daniels, 1946) argued that the knowledge and arousal are closely interrelated, and they affect each other throughout the process of the experience, which brings suffering. He argued that the interpretation of the events can affect the degree of excitation. Cognitive theories are quite optimistic in terms of the ability to control aggression, beca use they assume that a person can learn to be less aggressive. However, on the other hand, the authors of these theories do not exclude the possibility of impulsive aggression which is not subjected to the consciousness and mind. In continuation to these two opposing theories, there is a practical side where people need to face aggression and violence every day, regardless of its origins. Soldiers of Consciousness is a documentary about people who participated in the war actions in Iraq (Soldiers of Conscience, 2012). It reveals a hideous truth about what people feel and how they react to different things. For now, a number of American universities are looking at the possibility of more powerful and safe treatment for one of the most difficult and, alas, common neuropsychiatric disorders - post-traumatic stress disorder which is common in returning soldiers. In fact, the basis of this disease lies in aggression and destruction which people need to cause. This disease is brought on by very high stress levels. What is more, the starting age seems to be not less rich in wars, especially when now one considers that a failed assassination attempt against one man is declared as sufficient grounds to launch a new wa r, the consequences of which no one can predict. With all that, people have begun to realize that a man who once took part in a fighting is its prisoner forever. For a former soldier it is very hard to stop being a soldier, even at the end of his life (Soldiers of Conscience, 2012). , One cannot stay in the environment of blood, death, and enemy until the end of his days. The worst moment falls for those who were forced to commit acts of war against any civilian population, for example, to shoot at unarmed civilians, who covered an enemy. So, the soldiers` choice is quite limited: either to destroy tens, perhaps hundreds of civilians with enemies hiding behind them, trying not to make them use chemical weapons, either to cause even larger disasters (Fuller et al., 1994). By the way, Dr. Cass found that before the last war in Iraq, the U.S. Marines were subjected to special desensitizing training, so that they could safely hear screams of a woman being raped in the next room and with out being involved (Soldiers of Conscience, 2012). According to Dr. Cass, it shaped the personality`s destruction. So, as in the case of the medicine of fear, the situation resembles the scales, where on one side there are people who suffer from post-traumatic disorders, on the other the danger of universal soldiers, murderers, devoid of moral restraints (Fuller, 1994). They know that in their pocket there is a pill which will solve all their conscience and painful memories` problems. The film Soldiers of Consciousness reveals that soldiers are taught to kill and be ruthless; their aggression is generated by the state (Woodrow, Stoessinger, 1913). Already in the 19-20th centuries, there were thinkers who raised the issue of the new philosophy, like Hegel, Nietzsche, and Freud and Lorenz (Lorenz, 1937). They searched not for a substantive cause of violence, but for functional one. Wars, as it seemed, were responsible for some deep social and psychological needs, so war as a phenomenon was difficult to diminish (Freaud, 1896). Lorenz underlined that aggression was spontaneous, and it was associated with the underlying needs, so any real actions to prevent or end a war will be ineffective (Lorenz, 1937). Aggression is eternal, like energy or matter. It takes many forms, and it comes in the form of a hidden agenda, in the form of painful fantasies of destruction and violence (Tinbergen et al., 1963). It affects the state, ethnic groups, generations and may suddenly wake up in a one year-old child. Aggression makes its inevitable cycle in nature: a chief is yelling at a subordinate, he plucks evil on his wife, she on a child, the child kicks a dog, and the dog rushes to the chief and bites him. So, the circle is a comic cartoon (Pinker et al., 1991). Energy approach was formulated by Sigmund Freud. He was impressed by the discovery of the law of conservation of energy which was then discussed in academic circles, and attached to everything that was possible. At the heart of his psychoanalytic doctrine lies that a person is an energy system in which the energy is either flowing freely or finds workarounds or is stored as the water in front of a dam. The purpose of all kinds of behavior is pleasure, that is, the reduction of stress, or the discharge of energy. The source of all motive powers lies in the unconscious subsystem, called Id. Energy necessary for human life is initially drawn from the sexual and aggressive drives of Eros and Thanatos, which form the Id. It seeks release (discharge) excitation of energy and tension (Baker et al., 1939). This facility operates in accordance with the principle of pleasure seeking pleasure and avoiding pain. That is, it makes no prohibitions or noise; it does not pay attention to reality an d can find satisfaction in both: a real action and fantasy. It wants what it wants when it wants. It is reasonable, regardless of logic, values, and morals. Interestingly,inthelatestgender(sex‑related)studiesconflictingsocialrepresentation of aggression in men and women were found. Women see aggression as a means for expressing anger and stress by releasing aggressive energy. Men, by contrast, refer to aggression as a tool for a variety of social and material rewards. Here is how Freud (2009) saw the relationship between the aggressive nature of man and culture: People are not noble, friendly creatures, eager to love, who protect themselves only when attacked; on the contrary, the fact is the strongly expressed desire for aggression is an essential part of human instincts. Culture directs this aggressive energy in a reasonable direction (military, sports), puts restrictions in the form of laws and moral norms. Then, one of two things occur either sublimation of that energy, that is, its conversion to higher aspirations, approved by a society (surgery, painting, etc.), or suppression, and constant monitoring of their behavior. The n there is civilization and its discontents (2009): excessive self-control doesnt make us quite happy, even if overall everything is satisfactory. In conclusion, it is obvious that the natural theory has more proofs and evidence which support the idea that a human being possesses animal traits and instincts, one of which is aggression. However, a human being went further: a human being is the only creature who kills regardless of what is needed; he kills for pleasure and fun. However, it is highly expected that violence is something that could be learned; thus, re-learned in a better way. Surely, in such a scenario people would have more chances to prevent and stop wars. Still, as it was depicted in Soldiers of Consciousness people can over use any technique, and teachings on violence are not exception. Nowadays some scientists implement techniques which help soldiers to get rid of moral norms and restraints. All in all, biological approach is the most evident one since it is supported by various studies and it proves that even a small child can show traits of violence and aggression. Therefore, a human inclination to wars and violence is inherent.

Effect of tax on Vietnamese hangers

Effect of tax on Vietnamese hangers Introduction The U.S. government is very clear on the affirmative final determination on antidumping duty order on steel wire garment hangers from Vietnam. Although the legislation became effective on February 5, 2013, the act was published on December 26, 2012. The products affected include steel wire garment hangers that are fabricated, galvanized, painted, coated with epoxy or latex, and those fashioned with paper covers among others.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Effect of tax on Vietnamese hangers specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This action was taken because the government of Vietnam had highly subsidized the manufacturing process of hangers thereby making the hangers from Vietnam cheap and affordable as compared to the products manufactured from the local market in U.S. The U.S. government felt that Vietnam was dumping her hangers in the U.S. market. Effects of the Duty Six months before the publication of t he affirmative final determination, the government had imposed temporary duties on the affected products (CNN 1). The publication of the act means that the duties of one hundred and eighty-seven percent imposed on the products are permanent from the effective date i.e. February 5, 2013. It is clear that Vietnam is the top exporter of wire hangers. However, the antidumping duties did not affect the wooden hangers that are manufactured by Vietnam in large amounts (CNN 1). The effects of the duty have already been felt in the U.S. and other parts of the world. To begin with, the duty imposed on the hangers forced the wholesale prices of the hangers to rise. Dry cleaning companies experienced a ten to fifteen percent increase in the price of the affected goods. For instance, initially, forty dollars would help a businessperson acquire five hundred hangers. However, that has changed since the same amount of money gives the businessperson half the amount of goods. The drycleaners effectiv ely passed over the same to the consumers thereby increasing the overall charge on consumers by an average margin of two percent. This has seen customers reduce the amount they spent on dry cleaning. The companies currently receive half the total revenue they used to receive due to reduced quantity of work. The sharp increase in prices has forced some dry cleaning companies to close down. This could also be attributed to the fact that some manufacturing companies have diverted their businesses to other business lines (O’Brien 57). This hurts the U.S. economy since job opportunities are lost as they are created in other markets such as Cambodia.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The people who were working in the firms have to look for work elsewhere. In the process, the government was losing revenue through taxes. High prices have ultimately reduced profits ma de by dry cleaning firms to a level of making just enough money to pay the recurrent bills and rent. When people get more income, they are likely to spend more through their disposable income or the amount kept aside for investment. The government encourages investments from the private sector. For instance, when an entrepreneur quits a government job to begin private business, the merits accrued from such an action are not enjoyed when they close down following high prices arising from government tax. The impact of the duties is clearly indicated when beneficial projects are no longer beneficial. Some dry cleaning shops have closed down yet the remaining ones do not feel the positive impact. Conclusion The analysis of this duty shows that the only winners are the foreign governments such as Cambodia who have benefited when other manufacturing companies relocated. Other countries other than the U.S. received new investors hence began to enjoy the advantages that accompanied the U.S. affirmative final determination. The other groups are all losers including the governments U.S., and Vietnam, the dry cleaning companies, the entrepreneurs, and the employees. CNN, Money. Trade penalties squeeze US dry cleaners, New York: CNN Money journal, 2012. Print. O’Brien, Hubbart, Macroeconomics, New York: Pearson Publishers, 2012. Print.

Second part Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Second part - Essay Example Currently, a number of studies indicate that many employers still have this notion, and this makes them discriminate against these people when recruiting new employees. Exterior appearance is usually significant for those positions where an employee directly associates with suppliers, customers and other stakeholders. Therefore, an employer can decide not to hire a person with a tattoo for such positions with a notion that most stakeholders will consider them as members of criminal and other outlawed gangs. Therefore, this paper primarily focuses on discussing why employers should discriminate against people with tattoos at workplace. In different societies, tattoos symbolize certain cultures or events. For example, in certain cultures, tattoos portray a person’s status. This is mostly common in the western world. For instance, a person wearing a tattoo of his or her mother or father may indicate his or her love for the family. Moreover, it may also symbolize that a person belongs to a certain clan or community (Bredeson & Goree, 2012). In the 19th Century, tattoos were common phenomena among criminal and outlawed gangs, which differentiated them as anti-social members of the society who only complied with their own rules and beliefs. For example, bikers wore tattoos to indicate that they were against their society’s values and norms. In some circumstances, tattoos also affiliated a person to a given political party or religion. For example, the Catholics may wear a tattoo of a cross to signify their religious affiliation (Bredeson & Goree, 2012). Current studies, on the discrimination of people with tattoos at the workplace, have established that 40 percent of people aged between 19 to 30 years at least have a tattoo (Bredeson & Goree, 2012). These studies further indicate that 40 percent and 18 percent of people with a tattoo have more than two or more and six or more tattoos respectively (Bredeson & Goree, 2012). Therefore, this data calls for an

How Alex Fuhrman Has Filed a Case against Frederick, Hibbs, and Uvex Article

How Alex Fuhrman Has Filed a Case against Frederick, Hibbs, and Uvex Corporation - Article Example After a period of five years of Alex being in service, the corporation went public. The company built a state-of-the-art facility for cancer treatment. San Rafael was highly capitalized with highly sophisticated radiation therapy equipment. San Rafael was the best-known center due to its best services in treatment of cancer. San Rafael received research donations from generous patience, business parties, and even the public. The research group consisted of key leading scientists with doctorate degrees in biochemistry. Alex was made the administrative head of the cancer research and treatment department. In order to replace Alex a new accountant and financial manager, Christopher Hibbs was hired in West coast division. Hibbs had worked Sacramento city as a bookkeeper. He had a very good recommendation letter from his former employer and Fredrick recommended that Hibbs should be hired as a financial accountant of Uven. Hibbs wanted to make new changes in his management different from those made by Alex. He prepared and sent his financial report directly to the executive controller. Frederic found a memo from Alex stating that some funds were missing, this had happened when Alex was the financial controller. A meeting was organized whereby Alex overreacted and did not finalize into reconciliation with Hibbs. Alex filled a lawsuit. There is the lack of communication between Alex and Hibbs and that has gone to the extent where Alex has filed a case against the company, Frederick, and Hibbs. Alex thinks that Memo from Hibbs as slanderous. He is an administrator and thus he was supposed to handle this case with patience but not being emotionally uncontrollable. Because of good communication, Frederick and the executive controller did not mind asking further questions on Hibbs competence before giving him the job.  

Characters of Journeys End by R.C. Sherriff and Birdsong by Sebastian Faulks Essay Example for Free

Characters of Journeys End by R.C. Sherriff and Birdsong by Sebastian Faulks Essay The First World War is known to be one of the worst, if not the worst war in military history. The strategies used were often ineffective and repetitive, meaning a lack of movement and years of stalemate on the western front. Soldiers had to live in conditions which were squalid and foul, they had to deal with diseases such as trench foot and millions of rats and lice infestations. These general images of soldiers living in these fetid conditions has become widely known and linked with the huge suffering caused by the First World War. The use of literature can enable us to gain a picture of what trench warfare was really like. Journeys End a play written by R.C. Sherriff in 1928 based on his own life experiences gives a realistic image of life as a soldier in the trenches. However, the novel Birdsong by Sebastian Faulks which was not written till 2005 gives a version of what Faulks believed trench warfare to be like; it is a fictional idea based on knowledge and understanding of World War One. Also the authors chose different formats with one being a novel the other a play, thus giving them contrasting ways of conveying soldiers experiences of war. A play deals with the actions and reactions of characters using dialogue and yet a novel can go into the heads of characters, giving the reader an understanding of a persons emotions and feelings through description and narrative. The characters presented in both Journeys End and Birdsong are attempting to avoid and deal with the horrors of trench warfare in many different ways including; drinking, violence, and memories of loved ones and trying to use humour as a way of distancing themselves from the horrors facing them. Each character has to find there own way of dealing with the situation, as anyone would when faced with the constant fear of death. In both Journeys End and Birdsong we get a glimpse of what the characters Stanhope and Wraysford were like before the terror of war affected them. In Journeys End although we dont see Stanhope before the war; Sherriff cleverly uses Raleigh to give us an idea of what he was like when he was younger. We see Raleigh as this optimistic, patriotic man excited at the prospect of going into war alongside his childhood hero. His confession to Osborne that he was Keen to get out here is a representation of many patriotic soldiers at the break out of the first world war and could show us how Stanhope may have felt before the realisation of what warfare was really like. The growing sense of conflict between Stanhope and Raleigh just shows how much the war has changed Stanhope, and affected him. Not only do we see Raleigh as a young version of Stanhope but also we hear from him background information on Stanhopes life, he was skipper of Rugger at Barford, and kept wicket for the eleven. A jolly good bat, too. This is not needed in Birdsong as we gain a background on what Wraysford was like before the war in part one of the novel. Novels allow writers to add descriptive back stories through narrative rather than dialogue, we can learn about one persons perspective unlike in a play when we are unable to hear thoughts and feelings these can only be expressed through actors portraying the role. Birdsong can go into depth about the emotional effects war can have on a person, which is a tricky detail to encapsulate in a play and yet I believe R.C. Sherriff uses dialogue and the actions of each individual to show their emotional state. We can see strongly in both, just what the war can do, seeing and living in those conditions certainly would bring about change in a person however it is the way they deal with it that helps them continue on through. An easy escape for many soldiers during the war was drink. For an ordinary private on the front line getting alcohol was hard and they were only allowed a small drop before going over the top, however officers were allowed to drink (as believed responsible enough for it) and alcoholism among officers was common. Both Stanhope in Journeys End and Wraysford and Weir in Birdsong use drink as a method of getting through the horrors in front of them, She doesnt know that if I went up those steps into the front line without being doped with whisky Id go mad with fright. Drink was a way to forget, and maybe for a moment be away from the front line in their heads, although eventually become addicted not needing it for any purpose but for wanting, cast his eyes round hopefully. Stephen reluctantly pushed a bottle towards him. Drink was not the best way to deal with the situation though, it may have clouded their memories but would not have completed erase them if sleep came it was as a gift and was as likely to come after tea as after alcohol. Soldiers on the front line could turn on each other, either because of alcohol consumption or just the fact that these men were pushed together in such bad conditions. Maybe getting angry at one another would give them something other than fighting the enemy to focus on Hibbert raises his stick and strikes blindly at Stanhope. The violence shown in Journeys End could also represent the battles taking place outside, as an audience member you never get to see any conflict between the enemy and therefore Stanhopes arguments and fights with the soldiers substitutes this. The anger Stanhope feels towards Hibbert and also Raleigh, could also show us how he feels and acts in battle situations. Unlike Journeys End in Birdsong we are able to follow Stephen as he goes out into No-mans land, fighting for his life but we also get violence in the trenches too Fuck off, Weir, fuck off out of my way. The use of the word fuck is a powerful one; we can understand Wraysfords fear just through that one word, all his fear for the battle ahead builds up the tension. In Journeys End Stanhope is worried about what Raleigh would write home in his letter, I believe that maybe another matter that Stanhope uses to redirect his thoughts away from memories, it gives him something else to think about. Which again leads to more violence Dyou understand an order? Give me that letter! Despite these small areas of conflict there is a strong theme in both Journeys End and Birdsong, of comradeship. Men on the front line were often forced into forming new relationships with people and often because of this gained extraordinarily strong bonds with men they were fighting alongside with. This is shown by the example of Stanhope and Osborne, and shown to the audience in many scenes but mostly through the touching goodbye scene before the fatal raid and right at the end Stanhope and Raleigh final bond over his death, Stanhope sits with one hand on Raleighs arm they had fought together in the same battles and known what the other men had seen, they understood. In Birdsong the strong relationship between Wraysford and Weir grew throughout the novel and like many soldiers on the frontline Wraysford needed Weir for company and to help his sanity, Weir alone had made the war bearable friendships like Weirs and Wraysfords meant that soldiers could get through the war together. They did not need to be alone. Although Raleigh in Journeys End believed he needed to distance himself when Osborne dies, Raleigh who is first seen as this innocent character in the beginning of the play is opened to this horror after the death of Osborne, he now knows truly just how hard . He eats away from the officers with the other men, he finds it disrespectful that the others are eating and drinking. Maybe some may believe distancing themselves would mean when or if it came to them dying it would not be as hard. Many soldiers needed to be friends, to join together because even though loss is hard the sharing of jokes in such a situation as terrible as this one may have helped. In Journeys End many of the characters particularly Trotters main form of escapism is in making jokes about the war and the Germans I expect a nasty old Germanll cop out of it and say, Ock der Kaiser in doing this they are able to cover up their fear and make light of the situation. In Birdsong the use of comedy is more subtle, the soldiers go down to the pub and watch entertainment and laugh with each other as friends rather than making obvious jokes. Jack performing for the soldiers gave some time for the men to relax and enjoy themselves. If they could shout loud enough, they might bring the world back to its senses; they might laugh loud enough to raise the dead although raising the dead was not possible, the idea that in laughing and having as good a time as you can they could remember their losses and keep them alive in their thoughts. In Journeys End some of the soldiers liked to talk about home and familiar things like rugby and cricket to take their minds of the horrors of trench warfare. Thinking about home would help them to remember how their life was before the war; it would make them want to get out and gave them something to live for. Another thing they might think about is their girlfriends, wives or just women in general, I just prayed to come through the war and and do things and keep absolutely fit for her. Jack Firebrace wanted to survive for his family, dealt with the struggle with the belief he had his wife and child to return to His endurance was for them; the care he took to try to stay alive was so that he would see the boy again. As for Stephen he did not have a family or anyone really he wanted to go home for, he kept on fighting and wanting to survive for the men who had died before, he wanted to win, to continue for their benefit. The idea and hope that the men he had lost had not died in vain. With trench conditions as foul as they were; rats, lice and illnesses such as trench foot one thing that could keep the men going was the idea and the relief of getting food. The importance of food in Journeys End is shown by how many times the men talk about it and bring it up in general conversation. Complaining about inconsequential things like chunks of pineapple instead of apricots take their minds of the war I say, Stanhope, its a terrible business. We thought wed got a tin of pineapple chunks; it turns out to be apricots. The men on the front lines wouldnt very often have the nicest of food, and when Stanhope has to visit the Colonel and is given really expensive foods he immediately thinks of his men but he will eat the food as it is the one thing that he can gain pleasure from A thin stew followed, then ripe cheese and fresh bread. Lunch went on past three oclockStephen smiled to himself, aware that his brief flight from reality would soon be ended. Birdsong touches on the idea of religion and how this can be affected by war. Many soldiers lost their faith due to the mass slaughter or even the loss of a son at home like Jack Firebrace however Stephen seemed to gain a belief in God, the idea that nothing this cruel can be the end. He hoped that when Weir or any other Soldier died they had a better world to escape to and maybe this idea kept him going helped him deal with the death of his friends. Journeys End doesnt really touch on the mens faith or religion, however the idea of hero worshipping used by Raleigh could be linked. The belief in a God and a higher being could also be like Raleigh looking up to Stanhope I believe Raleigh will go on liking you and looking up to you through everything. Theres something very deep, and rather fine, about hero worship. Many soldiers may have used the method of positive thinking like Osborne to cover up just how scared and fearful they were I never knew the sun could rise in so many ways till I came out here. Each soldier on the front line had to choose their own way of escaping and dealing with the horrors of trench warfare. The putrid living conditions and the everyday horror of death meant that it was necessary for them to break out of the truth they were living. Many of the methods used in both Journeys End and Birdsong are similar but their methods were carried out in different ways. Others didnt use methods at all, they just didnt cope; like Hibbert in Journeys End faking an illness to get away. Each character in either Journeys End or Birdsong took on different methods of dealing with their long hardships and suffering. The true horrors of the war however could not be forgotten, the sight of death and the stench in the trenches would not be quickly removed from their thoughts. These literary texts both play and book give us, today, just a brief insight into the lives of men on the western front, the challenges faced by these men were truly horrific and just surviving must have been a hardship. No one now or then on the home front could ever know the true extent of the struggle and the effects it had both mentally and physically, If they could see the way these men live they would not believe their eyes. This is not a war; this is an exploration of how far men can be degraded.

Skipping Christmas Essay -- essays research papers

Skipping Christmas starts out at the gate in an airport. Luther and Nora Krank are there with their daughter Blair, waiting for a flight to Miami that will eventually bring her to eastern Peru, where she is going with the Peace Corps. They all say their goodbyes and the parents leave. Nora is very upset, while Luther isn’t so much. On the way home they stop at a store for white chocolate and pistachios. Luther unwillingly goes in to get it and finds every little thing a hindrance. He is easily annoyed, and doesn’t get the white chocolate. Nora then has to go in the store to get it, and she does so with much annoyance. While Nora is in the store, Luther daydreams about not having to do the Christmas season. That night, Nora was restless. She was pacing and going from room to room. She finally lay back in bed, rolling and flinching and moving, trying to get the attention of Luther so she could talk about Blair’s safety again. Luther didn’t move, and when Nora was finally asleep, he snuck out of the room to the basement office to evaluate last Christmas’s spending. He found that $6,100 was spent on Christmas. With this new information, he took a trip down to the travel agency during work the next day. He made his choice the 10 day Island Princess cruise. That night, during dinner he attacked Nora with the idea. Using brochures and spreadsheets, he showed her the facts. She finally accepted to skip Christmas, as long as she could still donate $600 to charitable donations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Later, Nora received a call from the Card Store owner, and had to tell him she was not ordering cards, but did not tell him why. Luther, the same day, was writing a letter to his colleagues, telling them that he would not be participating in the normal Christmas rituals. The next day, the boy scouts came by, selling their Christmas trees. Luther had to tell them they were skipping Christmas, and a few minutes later they found a crowd congregated at their driveway, staring up at the house. That night, Luther went for a walk. He noticed his neighbors doing what the Kranks were avoiding, and he felt good about it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It was lunchtime, and Nora was at lunch with two of her friends. The card man called her again, and she was forced to tell her friends about skipping Christmas, which meant everyone will know by dinner. During work, Luther wa... ...d Luther dangling painfully by his ankle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The medics came and got Luther down, and he explained to the entire watching neighborhood what they were doing. Vic Frohmeyer organized a party quickly and sent everyone to work. He sent the policeman to go get Blair, and the Kranks went inside to rest.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Enrique and Blair came into the airport and were found by the police officers, who raced them home. When they got home they were greeted by the whole neighborhood. They talked to everybody and her parents were very impressed with him. Enrique received a lot of reissued gifts from the neighbors and they then went to dinner. Afterwards, they sang a few carols before Enrique and Martin, the man Nora saw in the store, sang and played guitar to a few Peruvian Christmas carols.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  As the Peruvian songs continued, Luther snuck out to the Scheel’s house. He gave them his cruise vacation as a Christmas present. Bev had been given six month’s by her doctor. They were overwhelmed with joy when they were given this. As Luther walked back across the street, for the first time, he was filled with the joy of Christmas.

Yahoo CEO

Daniel Loeb, a New York hedge fund manager and who owns a 5. Per cent stake In Yahoo, came out In open to share his view against the company and Scott Thompson. However, Dan Lyons at The Dally Beast supported Thompson. Yahoo was quick to call the mistake an â€Å"inadvertent errÐ’Â « but after increasing pressure the board hired an outside counsel for the investigation (Epitome J, 2012). Thompson, later on sent a memo to the employees apologizing for the scandal (Goldman D, & Epitome J, 2012) Was it appropriate for a giant like Yahoo to call the mistake an â€Å"inadvertent error†?I believe No. If you produce a zero error on your balance sheets, and In the internet services you provide o your customers then this reasoning would simply be a blunder. COOS actions were ethically irresponsible because he was breaching the trust of board of directors who had hired him, in this case, without verifying his credentials on resume. Also, socially irresponsible because there are inv estors, people who trust CEO and any such incident on his part does send a bad signal to them.There are two things to debate upon – Should Yahoo have fired Scott Thompson the moment they found out that he lied on his resume? & Was It ethical on the part of Scott Thompson, considering the session he was In, to falsely claim the degree he never received? I would particularly like to be aggressive on each of the two questions. Yes, Yahoo should have immediately fired Scott Thompson the moment the allegations were verified. In doing so, the company would have set good example of holding good morals.The CEO is the top most level in any corporate the employees look up to, in terms of role model and as a leader. Any allegations on him could set a bad tone down the ladder In the company. Falling to fire him could have sent a bad signal at the lower order of getting way with the things and who knows many more such cases might show up in the near future. According to the consequentiali ty model, the only thing that matters is the consequence of your act. The act, whether right or wrong, decides the fate of the person and of the other people who should also bear the consequences (Moldavia, M).The consequentiality model in this case did not apply to the Coo's actions. The outburst of his lie cost him his Job and also put the reputation of Yahoo at stake, however on some level It could be argued that he was trying to Improve the existing condition of Yahoo, but not for too long. Also, that did not prove positive to any of the person in the company considering his short tenure. The share prices collapsed and the company was In the limelight for the wrong reason.Also, it is not ethical on the part of any CEO to make false claims in his resume. Had Scott rectified his resume and removed the Computer Science degree from It, exactly the same way have been much different now for Yahoo. Scott, during his short tenure at Yahoo took some crucial steps of laying off 14% of the employees (Lied, M, 2012) in an effort to improve the financial condition of the company. Had he been there for a longer period, he might have raised the company's financial position and the situation would have been completely different.However, his small act of not removing the false claim from his resume proved too costly for him and in turn for Yahoo. Communitarian's theory of moral reasoning also has no application with Scott Thompson. The theory states to be true to your contracts, whether implicit or explicit, in which you willfully enter (Moldavia, M). However, in this case Scott Thompson signs in the annual report right below the line that says â€Å"This report does not contain NY untrue statement of a material fact. † (Epitome J, 2012, Pl 73) This is complete contradiction to the theory of Communitarian's.Another thing to notice is that Scott Thompson did not feel to resign from his position. Instead he sent an apology memo to all the employees (Goldman D, & Epito me J, 2012). Who knows, Yahoo might have not even accepted his resignation, owing to his future productive plans, similar to the case of Bausch & Lomb CEO Ronald Carmella, who placed his resignation, on account of false degree claims in his resume, to the board only to be later rejected and then e served another six years before retiring in 2008.

Determination of water of hydration Essay

Observation of copper sulfate No copper sulfate Light blue After heating for about 2-3 minutes, of the powder turns lighter and then into grey-white. Water released as vapor is observed from this point. After heating for another 2-3 minutes, of the powder turns into grey-white. After heating for 10 minutes, the whole part of the powder turns into grey-white with some parts of light green The whole part of the powder remains grey-white with some parts of light green The whole part of the powder remains grey-white with some parts of light green * Mass of hydrated copper sulfate (g) = (46.08 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.01) – (43.78 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.01) = 2.30 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.02 (g) * Mass of water (g) = ( 46.08 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.01) – (45.22 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.01) = 0.86 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.02 (g) * General reaction: hydrate anhydrous salt + water CuSO4.xH2O CuSO4 + xH2O m 2.30 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.02 (g) 0.86 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.02 (g) M 160 +18x (g/mol) 18x (g/mol) * n xH2O (mol) = n CuSO4.xH2O = = (0.86 )(160 + 18x) = )18x 160(0.86 ) + 18x(0.86 ) = )18x 160(0.86 ) = 18x(1.44 0.04) x = = = 5.3 à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ 0.3 Conclusion: The value of x in CuSO4.xH2O is quite similar to the value on the label (literal value) of the hydrated copper sulfate jar (% of difference is 6%) Evaluation Limitations Effects Improvements The number of experiments carried out is not enough (Random error) If the data obtained are inaccurate; as a result, the value of x calculated will be inaccurate Do the experiment many times When cooling the crucible, water can be reformed in copper sulfate (random error) Weight of the crucible may increase Use a data logger computer to take the mass of the crucible continuously until the mass remains unchanged The flame is too strong (random error) Some copper sulfate molecules may be decomposed Keep the flame at a reasonable height and temperature

Essay on GHTH 100 Study guide

Essay on GHTH 100 Study guide Essay on GHTH 100 Study guide GHTH 100 Study guide What are the wellness dimensions? Emotional Wellness - Trust, self-confidence, optimism, satisfying relationships, and self-esteem are some of the qualities of emotional wellness. Emotional wellness is a dynamic and involves the ups and downs of living. No one can achieve an emotional "high" all the time. Emotional wellness fluctuates with your intellectual, physical, spiritual, social, and interpersonal health. Intellectual Wellness - Those who enjoy intellectual wellness constantly challenge their minds. An active mind is essential to wellness because it detects problems, finds solutions, and directs behavior. Throughout their lifetimes people who enjoy intellectual wellness never stop learning. Interpersonal Wellness - Satisfying and supportive relationships are important to physical and emotional wellness. Learning good communication skills, developing the capacity for intimacy, and cultivating a supportive network are all important to interpersonal (or social) wellness. It requires participating in and contributing to your community and society. Spiritual Wellness - To enjoy spiritual wellness is to possess a set of guiding beliefs, principles, or values that give meaning and purpose to your life, especially in difficult times. The spiritually well person focuses on the positive aspects of life and finds spirituality to be an antidote for negative feelings such as cynicism, anger, and pessimism. Organized religions help many people develop spiritual health. Religion, however, is not the only source or form of spiritual wellness. Many people find meaning and purpose in their lives on their own - through nature, art meditation, or good works. Environmental wellness - is

Understanding Japanese Writing in Spirited Away

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The Inspiration And Reliability of The Bible Essay Example for Free

The Inspiration And Reliability of The Bible Essay The Bible is not an ordinary book in circulation. In fact, because of its ordinary features, the Bible has been in question and had been greatly criticized for many years. It was not only the atheists and the liberals who were the greatest of its critics but the list also includes the religious non-Christian community. It is not however the responsibility of the Christian community to defend the Bible against its critics. This is because the Bible itself can prove its integrity and reliability. It is for this reason that the Bible is held extraordinary, inspired and reliable book. The Christians’ responsibility is to believe.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this paper, this writer aims to provide several but essential points that will prove the integrity of the Bible. This writer also explored several writings by respected and reliable theologians, archeologists and writers who worked on finding the answers to the questions and criticisms which aimed to disprove the truth of the Bible’s reliability. TEXTUAL QUESTIONS ON THE BIBLE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Critics have been consistently claiming that there is a great possibility that the Bible passages have been copied and transmitted from generation to generation (C. Blomberg). Critics therefore point to the question whether the Bible has been accurately translated and transmitted. Craig Blomberg referred to this as the Bible’s textual question. The textual questions include the occurrence of textual variations and the claims that the Bible has lost some truths.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are several evidences available to us that prove these claims wrong. First, there are evidences that the Bible can be reconstructed from the original texts. Rabbi Glenn Harris, in his article entitled, Why the Bible is the Word of God: Can I Trust the Bible?† made a good comparison of Homer’s â€Å"Iliad† and the Bible’s New Testament in order to stress the textual integrity of the Bible. Of the 20,000 lines content of the New Testament, only 40 lines are said to be in question and that is about just a half percent. As with Iliad, which is said to be the second ancient Greek/Latin literature having the most number of manuscript testimony, have 764 lines in question out of its 15,600 lines. IN comparison, the lines in question account for five percent. It is still to be noted that the textual criticisms of the New Testament will sum up to a matter of missing letters and misspellings that are too insignificant to alter the essence of the texts involved. Another point of comparison is on the number of manuscript evidences relative to the two ancient writings. Relative to the New Testament, there are more than 24,000 manuscript copies existing to date, 10,000 of which were in Latin versions and the rest were in other early versions. The Iliad had only 643 surviving manuscripts (F. Kenyon). HISTORICAL QUESTIONS OF THE BIBLE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Bible, especially the Old Testament, is full of stories- narratives that place the Bible in question. However there are archeological evidences that prove these events, places and Bible characters to have been actually taken place and existed. Of the long list provided by archeologists and Bible scholars, Bryant Wood has provided some of them. King Solomon, for example, who was made famous for his great wealth have been proven to have actually existed. Archeological records have proven his wealth exactly as the Bible described. The land of Canaan was also in question as to its existence but writings on clay tablets recovered in Syria in 1970s in the Ebla archive proved it to be true. The Assyrian king â€Å"Sargon† mentioned by the prophet Isaiah was proven to have actually lived when the king’s palace was discovered in Khorsabah in Iraq. In the same discovery also the proved the occurrence of the capture of Ashdod by its records in the walls of the palace exactly as how Isaiah had recorded. Upon the discovery of the Hittite’s records and their capital at Bogazkoy in Turkey that proved the Bible’s records of their existence.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By dating the manuscripts, the Bible can prove itself historically reliable. A well-known archeologist said that â€Å"the average gap between an original composition and the earliest available copy is over 1,000 years for other works of manuscript† (N. Geisler). The New Testament autographs, according to Harris dated 40 to 100 A.D. while its earliest copy was printed about 125 A.D. The gap of 250-300 years between the said dates therefore corroborates with the average gap. AS with the Old Testament, the Dead Sea Scrolls discovered in 1947 must be sufficient enough to prove its integrity. Including a copy of Isaiah’s scroll, the Dead Sea Scrolls also revealed a 95 percent similarity to the said texts of our Modern Hebrew Bible. The remaining five percent of the text, according to Gleason Archer â€Å"accounts for the obvious slips of the pen and variations of spellings† (G. Archer, 1974). It is thus fair to conclude that â€Å"archeology has confirmed the substantial historicity of the Old Testament Tradition† (F. Albright). THEOLOGICAL QUESTIONS OF THE BIBLE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Bible is not merely a historical book that records the events relative to the foundation of Christianity. The Bible, more importantly, is a book that contains moral guidelines and ethical religious standards set for all mankind. Simple analysis will therefore answer the question why the Bible has been theologically criticized. Since the Bible by itself is authoritative, in the sense that there were not few rules and regulations contained therein, there are people who will be made morally guilty, and if not, uncomfortable. It is but a natural reaction of the concerned ones to object to the Biblical doctrines and by all means, to have it rendered as a myth. The Bible is therefore held in the situation where it has to prove itself true and reliable.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Having the Bible in an acid test, let us first look into the reliability of the prophecies contained therein. The Bible has so far fulfilled 2,000 of its 2,500 prophecies to date (H. Ross). It is true that it is the fulfillment of his prophecies that distinguishes a genuine prophet with that of a mere fortuneteller. The Bible has been proven to have the genuine prophets as by the fulfillment of their prophecies with 100 percent accuracy. Hugh Ross in his article entitled â€Å"Prophecy: Evidence for the Reliability of the Bible† presented thirteen independent prophecies and their fulfillment. This writer, for the purpose of discussion, would like to have five of the well-known prophecies and the fulfillments.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Prophet Daniel’s prophesied of the coming Messiah and the account of his death. After the restoration of Jerusalem in 458 B.C, Jesus Christ’s ministry began 483 years later, exactly as had been prophesied. His death, according to the prophecy, will occur before the destruction of the Jerusalem, which had actually happened in 70 A.D. The birth of the Messiah in Bethlehem is a historical fact which happened exactly how prophet Micah foretold. The Land of Edom, now part of Jordan, has been foretold by the prophet Jeremiah, to become a barren and uninhabited wasteland. Examining the area in our time, the prophet had it accurately described. The prophet Isaiah prophesied that Cyrus will destroy the mighty Babylon, including Egypt, and will make the Jews free without ransom. After 150 years, Cyrus was born, had conquered Babylon and won over Egypt after 30 years. The Jewish exile also occurred according to what the prophet predicted. Another prophecy that has been historically proven to have been fulfilled was the betrayal of Jesus by Judas Iscariot. As had been prophesied by Zechariah, Jesus was betrayed in exchanged for 30 pieces of silver, the sum of which were used to purchase a piece of land as place of burial for poor aliens. THE INSPIRATION OF THE BIBLE   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The evidences and proofs of the Bible’s integrity and historical authenticity as have been explained and mentioned in the above sections. These evidences are enough to prove itself worth as infallible and divinely inspired. However, there are still doubts that the Bible is just a compilation of the writings of ordinary human beings who lived before and after the birth of Jesus Christ, the Messiah. This claim can be disputed by mere presentation of the obvious facts about the Bible. The authors of the forty authors of the different books of the Bible were persons of different socio-economic and educational backgrounds. Those authors came from the different continents of Africa, Asia and Europe and who wrote in different languages-Hebrew, Greek and Aramaic. The said authors were kings like Solomon, political and religious leaders like Paul, ordinary fishermen like Peter, physician like Luke and many others. The fact that their works were written in different styles and forms and were actually written with a thousand years time span, it is but hard to question how the views and events they have recorded came in harmony even if they have not personally met. If the Bible is not divinely inspired, it would be hard to imagine how the different books will come together in harmony, relative to its content. Here is one formidable foundation of establishing the reliability of the Bible:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Jews preserved it as no other manuscript has ever been preserved. With their massora, they kept tabs on every letter, syllable, word and paragraph. They had special classes of men within their culture whose sole duty was to preserve and transmit these documents with practically perfect fidelity† (R. Bernard, 1949).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   J.C. Ryle, in his â€Å"The Inspiration of the Bible† has carefully explained few of the many reasons why one should have faith on the fact that the Bible has been divinely inspired. This writer adapted the five listed facts on the said article as follows:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The extraordinary depth, fullness and richness on the Bible’s contents- Ryle had specially mentioned the intangible spiritual things that were importantly discussed in the Bible. Since the Bible is not just a record book, it has special accounts of the soul, eternity, the Holy Spirit, the Heaven and the Hell, eternity and many more. These things are beyond man’s imagination and man’s capacity to explain and yet these things are true and existing. If the Bible has been man’s own ideas and feelings, it would have been a compilation of the things that he can comprehend. If the Bible is just a mere religious writing, then it should have included man’s own criticisms on the other religions that contradict to what it fosters as Christian doctrines. The Bible has also a complete account of the world’s beginning and end including its inhabitants and the other creatures and things in the universe. It has accounts of both good and bad conditions and the means of getting along with it. To sum it up, the Bible is complete in the sense that it has treated all the aspects of human existence and the things and events that affect the whole world.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Bible has the extraordinary unity and harmony in its contents. This is despite the fact that the Bible has different authors in different walks of life, who lived in different periods and eras, who spoke different languages and written in different forms and styles. â€Å"They all write as if they were under one dictation† (C. Ryle).   In whatever way they have expressed the ideas, they all unified to one central thought: the relationship of man and God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is extraordinary wisdom and majesty in the style of the Bible that makes it unique among all writings that existed and still existing. The Bible cannot be compared to other readings in any aspect because it stands on its own: unique and proven reliable and true. The Bible speaks of wisdom and not just mere knowledge. Without using internal evidences, that is, by using its own words, the Bible has been proven its unquestionable integrity. As Ryle said, â€Å"there are no weak points, and motes, and flaws, and blemishes.† If we are to look into the laws, the rules and regulations it had set forth for man, we can clearly draw the fact that the Bible speaks with authority. It has truth and the Bible is determined to foster the truth and to reveal what God wants of the human race. The Bible speaks without doubt and sort of uncertainty as to its stand and views on every little thing. The Bible has the element of accuracy and preciseness in its presentation of facts. With God as the central figure in the Old Testament and His Son, Jesus Christ in the New Testament, the Bible had established and made shine the Majesty of God. What the Bible teaches cannot be bought and acquired anywhere and with any other means other than reading the Bible and with faith in God.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Bible contains spiritual things that suit the need of mankind. Man is not a mere creature that can be compared to robots. Man is a moral creature, unique to other creatures for its feelings, reasoning ability, the spirit and his relationship with God. It is therefore vital for man to have his spiritual needs to be satisfied and that these cannot be given by even the writings of the most intelligent human being on earth. What I am trying to point out is that the Bible has the purpose of guiding man towards building and taking care of his personal relationship with God. The Bible distinguishes the food of the body from the food of the soul.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There is also the extraordinary fact of the Bible’s effect on the nations where it was written, taught and read. As has been said earlier, the Bible does not only aim to educate and to inform. It has also the vital purpose of satisfying the spiritual needs of every human being that no other book can provide. The Bible is the only book that speaks accurately of the facts of the future, the present and the future of the world the human race. CONCLUSION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   By discussing the different questions and criticisms about the Bible, we were able to establish the fact of its integrity and reliability. By using external evidences like archeological records and discoveries, we were able to prove that the Bible is historically reliable. By looking at the prophecies and comparing them to the fulfilled ones, we were able draw out the conclusion that the Bible has in fact ninety five percent textual reliability and has one hundred percent accuracy on its prophecies. Relative to its inspiration, we have proven that the Bible is divinely inspired as evidenced by its fair and complete presentation and treatment of ideas and things even those beyond what the human mind can comprehend. In is therefore but fair enough to conclude that even without defending the Bible, it can by itself stand firm enough to prove its integrity and reliability. WORKS CITED Archer, Gleason L. â€Å"Survey of Old Testament Introduction† . Chicago: Moody Press, 1974. Blomberg, Craig. â€Å"Can the Scriptures be Trusted?† Retrieved on May 29, 2007 from http://www.dtl.org/bible/article/trusted.htm Harris, Glenn. â€Å"Can I Trust the Bible?† Retrieved on May 29, 2007 from http://www.gospeloutreach.net/bible.html Kenyon, Frederick G. â€Å"The Bible and Archaeology†. Harper Row, New York, ,1940, p. 288. McDowell, Josh. â€Å"Evidence That Demands a Verdict†   San Bernadino, CA: Heres Life Publishers, 1979. Ramm, Bernard. â€Å"Can I Trust My Old Testament?† The Kings Business, Feb., 1949 pp. 230, 231. Ross, Hugh. â€Å"Fulfilled Prophecy: Evidence of the Reliability of the Bible† Retrieved on May 29, 2007 from http://www.gospeloutreach.net/bible4.html Ryle, J.C. â€Å"The Inspiration of the Bible† Retrieved on May 29, 2007 from http://www.biblebb.com/files/ryle/inspiration_of_the_bible.htm Wood, Bryant. â€Å"In what ways have the discoveries of archaeology verified the reliability of the Bible?† Retrieved on May 29, 2007 from http://christiananswers.net/q-abr/abr-a008.html    Zeolla, Gary F. â€Å"Science and the Bible† Retrieved on May 29, 2007 from http://www.dtl.org/bible/article/science.htm Zeolla, Gary F. â€Å"Have the Precious Truths Been Lost from the Bible?† Retrieved on May 29, 2007 from http://www.dtl.org/cults/article/precious.htm