Heuristic Analysis Essay -- essays research papers

Heuristic Analysis Introduction The RIT campus has a very diverse community that consists of hearing and deaf people. Although RIT offers many sign language classes and provides interpreters across campus, communication outside of class is still difficult. The problem we are trying to overcome is the communication between hearing and deaf people in real-time and in person without third-party assistance. Our solution would break down the communication barriers. Using the best attributes of current communication products and new technology, we are able to envision a product that would bring forth this new era of communication.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The products we analyzed were AOL Instant Messenger, WebNote MultiChat site, and the T-Mobile Sidekick. We choose AOL Instant Messenger because it is the most popular chat program in the US. We choose WebNote MultiChat because it brings new features like real-time chat editing with multiple users. The Sidekick was chosen because it is the leading communication device available on the market today and it is very popular among deaf students at RIT. Product Analysis #1 (AOL Instant Messenger) Siddhartha Reddy Interface Design Heuristic Analysis †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Visibility of system status It is important for the user to be kept informed about what the current condition of the system is so the user knows what is going on. The user is made aware of the condition of the system through feedback. AIM (AOL Instant Messenger) keeps the user updated with the system status through a variety of feedback. Most of the windows on AIM tell you what the window is about, for example when you receive a message from your friend you get your friend’s screenname displayed on top of the window. If you want to message a user, you can select their name from your buddy list and send them a message, when the screenname is selected, it gets highlighted, which tells the user the screenname they picked to send a message to. Feedback is also achieved through sound, whenever a message is sent or received a unique sound is played (sounds are customizable by the user). The system status is displayed by the icon in the taskbar, when AIM is signed on the icon is surrounded by a blue circle and when its offline the AIM is by itself, so by looking the u... ... I did not use any hard copy documents so I cannot answer the questions. There is no help menu on Sidekick. I basically used the â€Å"trail and error† method when I first got the Sidekick. As for the Skills section, a lot of the questions was pretty much answered yes, some were N/A.I do not really see anything that will replace our skills. I strongly believe that the Sidekick does follow the privacy because you can set up password to prevent anyone from using it. I guess that sums up my analysis. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After careful evaluation of the above mentioned products we came to the conclusion that our solution would incorporate the best features of the products along with the introduction of new features. By using the strongest attributes of each product and throwing away the weakest ones we are truly able to make a superior communication device. Our group believes that the introduction of our product to the RIT campus would bridge the communication gap between hearing and deaf students. By breaking down these barriers the educational process would be further enhanced with the cooperation of all the students across campus. Heuristic Analysis Essay -- essays research papers Heuristic Analysis Introduction The RIT campus has a very diverse community that consists of hearing and deaf people. Although RIT offers many sign language classes and provides interpreters across campus, communication outside of class is still difficult. The problem we are trying to overcome is the communication between hearing and deaf people in real-time and in person without third-party assistance. Our solution would break down the communication barriers. Using the best attributes of current communication products and new technology, we are able to envision a product that would bring forth this new era of communication.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The products we analyzed were AOL Instant Messenger, WebNote MultiChat site, and the T-Mobile Sidekick. We choose AOL Instant Messenger because it is the most popular chat program in the US. We choose WebNote MultiChat because it brings new features like real-time chat editing with multiple users. The Sidekick was chosen because it is the leading communication device available on the market today and it is very popular among deaf students at RIT. Product Analysis #1 (AOL Instant Messenger) Siddhartha Reddy Interface Design Heuristic Analysis †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Visibility of system status It is important for the user to be kept informed about what the current condition of the system is so the user knows what is going on. The user is made aware of the condition of the system through feedback. AIM (AOL Instant Messenger) keeps the user updated with the system status through a variety of feedback. Most of the windows on AIM tell you what the window is about, for example when you receive a message from your friend you get your friend’s screenname displayed on top of the window. If you want to message a user, you can select their name from your buddy list and send them a message, when the screenname is selected, it gets highlighted, which tells the user the screenname they picked to send a message to. Feedback is also achieved through sound, whenever a message is sent or received a unique sound is played (sounds are customizable by the user). The system status is displayed by the icon in the taskbar, when AIM is signed on the icon is surrounded by a blue circle and when its offline the AIM is by itself, so by looking the u... ... I did not use any hard copy documents so I cannot answer the questions. There is no help menu on Sidekick. I basically used the â€Å"trail and error† method when I first got the Sidekick. As for the Skills section, a lot of the questions was pretty much answered yes, some were N/A.I do not really see anything that will replace our skills. I strongly believe that the Sidekick does follow the privacy because you can set up password to prevent anyone from using it. I guess that sums up my analysis. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After careful evaluation of the above mentioned products we came to the conclusion that our solution would incorporate the best features of the products along with the introduction of new features. By using the strongest attributes of each product and throwing away the weakest ones we are truly able to make a superior communication device. Our group believes that the introduction of our product to the RIT campus would bridge the communication gap between hearing and deaf students. By breaking down these barriers the educational process would be further enhanced with the cooperation of all the students across campus.

Bordean Hill Cottages Essay

WHAT IS THIS LETTER ABOUT? I am writing this letter to apply for the position of a Senior Prefect at Eggar’s School as I believe I would be an ideal representative for the school and a good role model to those younger than me. INTRO – APPLYING APPLICATION I am genuinely very happy at Eggar’s School and it would be a privilege to be part of the Senior Prefect team underpinning the good work that is done by the staff. I see this position as a central part of the school’s foundations, traditions, and effective communication between students, teachers and the local community. Being a senior prefect is one of the top roles a student can have at a school. They work with the teachers to create a better learning environment and provide opportunities for others to succeed. THE ROLE – WHY IS THE ROLE IMPORTANT? HOW WE VALUE PREFECTS? – GENERAL Personally, I believe that having Senior prefects are important as they act as a leading demonstration of the school’s ethos to the ‘outside world’, not only to the parents of current and prospective pupils but the people in the community surrounding our school. Senior prefects act as leaders; they do this with energy and enthusiasm and with a willingness to put others before themselves. Given their status as leaders and role models, Senior Prefects are a visible and active presence around the school. WHY I WANT TO BE A SENIOR PREFECT What school will get out of it – I believe that if I was to become Senior Prefect, I would be able to share my knowledge and advice about the school to suggest improvements from an experienced pupil’s perspective. I would also be able to provide on-going practical support such as parents evenings, sports days, helping out Eggar’s newspapers etc. My knowledge about the school and how it runs from a pupils perspective (experience gained over the last four years) On-going practical supports (eg. Events, parents evenings, sports days, newsletters, teacher etc†¦) Representing the school Being part of the student voice – giving ideas I have gained from being a senior prefect and applying them towards What I want to get out with it   I think as a person I would also widely benefit from becoming Senior Prefect. I would develop my personal skills and qualities including leadership, responsibility and a sense of service which would help me later in life when I have future careers. Being able to demonstrate high expectations of myself and others is very important to me and something I have always tried to maintain over my many years at Eggar’s School. Managing the extra responsibility with professionalism, integrity, sensitivity and good humour is something I wish to gain if I was to become senior prefect. Nevertheless, I believe that becoming a Senior prefect will push me further to continue my commitment to academic success as this has always been very important to me. Furthermore, to receive recognition from Senior staff and being identified to the student body as someone who has, through my actions and efforts, aspired to exemplify the expectations of Eggar’s school would make me very proud. Looking ahead, I know that the experience of being a prefect will bring added value to my further education and career prospects as it will provide positive evidence for collage and job references. Training from the school/staff particularly in relationship to the leadership role To extend CV Provide positive evidence for collage and job references Develop my ability to use my initiative Benefit from the many opportunities to develop personal skills and qualities, including leadership, responsibility, sense of service and trust Being able to demonstrate high expectations of myself and others Make significant contributions to the wider life of the school To have continued commitment to academic success To be able to manage the extra responsibility with professionalism, integrity, sensitivity and good humour. Be self-motivated, proactive and a reliable team member Receive recognition from Senior staff and being identified to the student body as someone who has, through my actions and efforts, aspired to exemplify the expectations of Eggar’s school. STRENGTHS/WEEKNESSES WHY I AM THE RIGHT PERSON FOR THE JOB (GIVE EXAMLES) PERSONALITY AND SKILLS I think I am the right person to take on a role of senior prefect as I am a trustworthy, reliable and responsible person. On numerous occasions I have devoted time to come into school and participate in school fetes, parent’s evenings and showing parents round the school. This is not something that I feel I have to do, but something that I put myself forward for as I enjoy being part of the Eggar’s community. Furthermore, I have proved to be a good ambassador and role model for the school as in year 8 I put myself forward for the role of helping out at the OAP Party which takes place once a year. During this experience I am also very willing to take on extra responsibility. An example of this is when I volunteered to participate in Eggar’s E-learning group. This is where I had the opportunity to help primary school children develop their ICT skills. In the process, my team were successful in winning the competition for the task that was set. I have had a number of opportunities to develop my communication skills. An example of this when I was asked to participate in the BBC School Report in year 8 with around 20 other students. I found this very useful to help develop my team building skills and I will be able to use this skill if I got the role of senior prefect to help motivate and encourage the prefect team. In terms of academic success, I have always given my full commitment and been very self-disciplined. Which has given me very credible results. I was included in the Eggar’s 21 Club which gave me a real sense of pride. I felt that all my hard work had paid off and I would like to, as a Senior Prefect, be able  to encourage other students to work towards this accolade. I have always realised that maintaining a consistently high attendance record (98.3%) will result in a higher level of academic achievement. My participation in many sports days has given me invaluable teamwork and leadership skills, as I have represented my house in a variety of events. This is valuable experience for the position of Senior prefect, as I feel I will be able to carry out a wide variety of tasks required in this demanding position. UNIFORM Not only is it essential that I represent the school by acting very responsibly, both in my manner and academically, it is equally important that I take a pride in my appearance and dress appropriately. WHAT IS MY VISON/ WHAT I CAN BRING TO THE JOB I feel that I can bring a lot to the role of senior prefect as I am very self-disciplined and this quality would help manage my prefect duties with my study commitments and outside school activities. SUMMARY Thank you for considering my application and taking the time out to read it. Yours sincerely, Eleanor Howard

America’s Role in Egypt’s Democracy

In an online article entitled Aiding and Abetting Egyptian Repression, Shadi Hamid, the author, discussed how the United States is able to influence the state of democracy in Egypt. According to this article, the U. S. with its foreign aid has long been funding President Hosni Mubarak's regime. Being America's closest ally in the Middle East, Egypt is actually the second-largest recipient of U. S. aid (Hamid, 2007). However, since January of 2007, Mubarak has been making serious assaults against opposing political parties, particulary the Muslim Brotherhood, which is the largest opposition group in Egptian parliament (Hamid, 2007). This crackdown on opposition party members and organizations strongly contradicts the idea of democracy. In this article, Hamid calls for the U. S. Congress to consider reducing its aid to Egypt or making aid conditional. He points out that the Bush administration has been generous to autocrats for too long and it should start taking serious measures in addressing this threat to democracy (Hamid, 2007). This article can be interpreted in numerous of ways depending on which perspective a reader may be coming from. Based on various analysis tools and different paradigms, a reader can develop his or her own opinion about the article that may agree or disagree to what the author is saying. The author presents a very compelling argument. Although he is clearly not in favor of the Bush administration, this article discusses the issue in Egypt objectively. However, by exposing practices of neglect by the Bush administration, this article may indirectly influence its reader's view of the said administration. Personally, I agree with Hamid. If the U. S. claims to be at the vanguard in upholding democracy, then it should not sit idly while its closest ally and second-largest recipient of its aid curtails the democratic rights of its ctitizens. Regardless whether a person is a republican or a democrat, a person who believes in human rights would never allow such practices of repression should to be tolerated.

Osmosis Internal Assessment – Biology Higher Level

| The effect of salinity on osmosis of solanum tuberosum L. (potatoes)| Biology HL Internal Assessment – Year 10| | Teresa Nguyen| | Table of Contents 1 DESIGN2 1. 1 Defining the problem2 FOCUS QUESTION2 HYPOTHESIS2 BACKGROUND INFORMATION2 INVESTIGATION VARIABLES3 1. 2 Controlling Variables3 TREATMENT OF THE CONTROLLED VARIABLES3 CONTROL EXPERIMENT4 1. 3 Experimental Method4 MATERIALS4 RISK ASSESSMENT5 METHOD5 2 DATA COLLECTION and PROCESSING7 2. 1 Recording Raw data7 QUANTITATIVE RAW DATA7 QUALITATIVE RAW DATA7 2. 2 Processing Raw Data8 Processed Data Table9 3 Conclusions and Evaluation11 3. 1 Conclusion11CONCLUSION STATEMENT11 CONCLUSION EXPLANATION11 3. 2 Evaluation Procedures12 RELIABLITY12 LIMITATIONS/WEAKNESSES/ERROR IN LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS13 3. 3 Improving the Investigation14 MODIFICATION TO THE EXPERIMENT14 Bibliography15 Appendixes16 Appendix A – Risk Assessment16 Appendix B – Turnitin Receipt19 Appendix C – Journal19 1 DESIGN 1. 1 Defining t he problem FOCUS QUESTION What is the effect of osmosis on the mass (g) of solanum tuberosum L. (potatoes) after duration of 24 hours in varying concentration levels (2%, 5%, 10%, 20% and 25%) of sodium chloride (table salt)? HYPOTHESIS Solanum tuberosum L. inal masses will decline as the concentration (2%, 5%, 10%, 20% and 25%) of sodium chloride increases. Potato slices placed in distilled water will have higher mass percentage due to the cells becoming turgid. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Diffusion is the movement of molecules from a hypertonic (high concentration solute) to the hypotonic (low concentration of solute). There are different types of diffusion one of which is osmosis. Osmosis is the movement of water molecules through a semipermeable membrane that allows only smaller molecules such as water to pass through and prevent larger molecules to enter such as glucose or sodium chloride. Bozeman Biology, 2012) Within osmosis comparison between the different solutions standard term inology are used to describe the differences such as Isotonic, hypertonic and hypotonic as mentioned earlier. Isotonic is when the solution has equal concentration of solutes. Hypertonic is when the solution has concentration of the solute. In contrast, hypotonic is when the solution has lower concentration of the solute. (Bowen, 2002) Plant cells are known to have strong cell walls that when osmosis allows water to be taken up it swells. However, to prevent the cell from bursting the cells become turgid.The pressure within the cell rises and gradually the internal pressure has increased to an extent which even water molecules cannot enter. (Nigel D Purchon, 2012) This is convenient for plants as they do not have skeletons, thus their leaves and stems are supported by the pressure of the water. Loss of water by osmosis causes the plant to become flaccid which the plasma membrane withers from the cell wall. (BBC, 2012) INVESTIGATION VARIABLES TABLE 1 – Practical Investigation Variables Type of Variable| Identified Variable | Independent | The varied concentration level of Sodium Chloride (2%, 5%, 10%, 20% and 25%). Dependent | The differentiation of masses of the different potato pieces (final – initial mass) in each Sodium Chloride concentrations (2%, 5%, 10%, 20% and 25%) after 24 hours. | Controlled| Each trial is from the same potato. The quantity of solution given in each trial. The size of potato slices. Source of biological material. Potato pieces in distilled water. The duration of the investigation. The size of the test tubes. | Uncontrolled | Rate of osmosis. The initial salt concentration in the potato. Change in room temperature. | 1. 2 Controlling Variables TREATMENT OF THE CONTROLLED VARIABLESTABLE 2: Control Treatment of Variable Control Variables | Treatment | Each trial is from the same potato. | Each trial used pieces of potatoes from the same source. Thus, limits the variation of sources used. | The quantity of solution given in each trial. | Every test tube contained 25cm3 of solution. | The size of potato slices. | All potato pieces used were cut to a size of 2 cm in length. | The duration of the investigation. | All the trials were conducted in the same time duration of 24 hours. | Source of biological material. | All sources (potatoes) were purchased from the same producer. | The size of the test tubes. All trials used the same sized large test tubes. | CONTROL EXPERIMENT The control of this investigation is the potato pieces placed in distilled water over 24 hours. By being left in distilled water allows the no contamination of the unknown substances or sodium chloride to affect the osmosis process within the potato cells. According to theory, the potato slices in distilled water should increase in mass as the osmosis process would allow water to move through the semipermeable membrane of the potato cells. This control variable will allow the comparison of the masses of the potato pieces in sodium chl oride.Thus, revealing the effects of saline substances in plant osmosis. 1. 3 Experimental Method MATERIALS TABLE 3: List of apparatus Apparatus Required | Quantity Required | solanum tuberosum L. (Potatoes) | 1 Bud| Cork Borer| 1 | Fat Test tubes| 30| Sodium Chloride solution (2%, 5%, 10%, 20% and 25% )| 200cm3 (25cm3 per test tube)| Marker | 1| Paper towel roll| 1| Distilled Water| 200cm3 (25cm3 per test tube)| Ruler (30cm)| 1 | Electronic Scales ( ±Distilled Water(0. 00)1g)| 1 | Weigh Tray (70cm3) | 1| Tweezers | 1| Test tube stand (for 40 test tubes)| 1| RISK ASSESSMENT Refer to appendix. METHOD 1.Collect required apparatus. 2. Label five test tubes Distilled Water and place in one column in the test tube stand. 3. Repeat step 2 for 2%, 5%, 10%, 20% and 25%. Place them side-by-side in chronological order. Each row is now the number of trials. Label all the test tubes in the first row â€Å"1† then repeat with the other rows with, 2, 3, 4, and 5. 4. Set up the scale. 5. Cut the potato with the cork borer and use the metal rod with to push the potato onto a piece of paper towel. Using the ruler measure cut the pieces into 2cm. 6. Place the weigh tray on the scale then press â€Å"Tare†. Place the potato piece on the scales.Record results for ‘Initial Mass’. Repeat for every piece of potato. 7. Repeat step 6 and 7 for all the potatoes. 8. Pour 25cm3 of distilled water into each of the Distilled Water labelled test tubes. 9. Pour 25cm3 of 2% solution into each of the 2% labelled test tubes. 10. Repeat step 8 for 10%, 15%, 20% and 25%. 11. Place one piece of potato into a test tube with distilled water. Repeat using potato pieces from the same pile for the other trials. 12. Repeat step 12 with 2%, 5%, 10%, 20% and 25%. 13. Leave for 24 hours. 14. Record observations. 15. Place the weigh tray on the scale then press â€Å"Tare†. 16.Use tweezers to remove the potato piece from a â€Å"distilled test tube† and place it on the weigh tray. Record the mass for ‘Final Mass’. 17. Repeat step 16 before weighing each piece of potato. 18. Repeat step 17 for the rest of the trials and for 2%, 5%, 10%, 20% and 25%. Diagram 1: Experimental Set-up 2 DATA COLLECTION and PROCESSING 2. 1 Recording Raw data QUANTITATIVE RAW DATA Table 4: Raw Data of Potato Pieces’ masses ( ±0. 001g) after 24 hours in Various Sodium Chloride Solutions Trials | Concentrations ( ±0. 5%)| Initial Mass ( ±0. 001g)| Final Mass ( ±0. 001g)| 1| Distilled Water(0. 0) CONTROL| 1. 71| 1. 387| | 2. 0| 1. 181| 0. 885| | 5. 0| 1. 091| 0. 877| | 10. 0| 1. 196| 1. 058| | 20. 0| 1. 149| 1. 054| | 25. 0| 1. 094| 0. 995| 2| Distilled Water(0. 0) CONTROL| 1. 258| 1. 453| | 2. 0| 1. 160| 0. 805| | 5. 0| 1. 158| 0. 899| | 10. 0| 1. 186| 1. 002| | 20. 0| 1. 243| 1. 085| | 25. 0| 1. 166| 1. 060| 3| Distilled Water(0. 0) CONTROL| 1. 135| 1. 314| | 2. 0| 1. 254| 0. 856| | 5. 0| 1. 244| 1. 041| | 10. 0| 1. 079| 0. 936| | 20. 0| 1. 244| 1. 047| | 25. 0| 1. 109| 0. 942| 4| Distilled Water(0. 0) CONTROL| 1. 176| 1. 323| | 2. 0| 1. 247| 0. 902| | 5. 0| 1. 260| 1. 034| | 10. 0| 1. 225| 0. 992| 20. 0| 1. 160| 1. 021| | 25. 0| 1. 267| 1. 102| 5| Distilled Water(0. 0) CONTROL| 1. 151| 1. 345| | 2. 0| 1. 263| 0. 986| | 5. 0| 1. 173| 0. 894| | 10. 0| 1. 207| 1. 024| | 20. 0| 1. 163| 1. 017| | 25. 0| 1. 165| 1. 068| QUALITATIVE RAW DATA During the investigation it was noted the potato pieces were tinged with yellow and had firm textures to them. After the twenty four hours the texture of the potato pieces had changed from firm to mushy. Also, there was a drastic change in the physical appearance of the potato pieces from a fully yellow tinged to partially brown. Potato pieces in 2% were the ushiest and were darkest in colour. As the concentration of Sodium Chloride increased the changes of the brown colouring and mushiness decreased. However, the control remained firm and did not go mushy or change in colour. This chan ge in colour could be due to decay of the potato tissues as more and more cells become hypertonic. Trial 1, 25% – Visible physical change in appearance from yellow to brown Trial 1, 25% – Visible physical change in appearance from yellow to brown 2. 2 Processing Raw Data Table 5: Statistical Processing Calculations | Formulae| Solution| Calculation| Results (g)|Mass Changed ( ±0. 001g)| Final Mass- Initial Mass=Mass Changed| Distilled Water – 0. 00% (Control) Trial 1| 1. 387g-1. 171g=0. 216g| 2. 36g| Mean ( ±0. 001g)| x =X n mean=(Sum of all the products)(Number of prouducts)| Distilled Water – 0. 00% (Control)| 0. 186g=0. 216g+0. 195g+0. 179g+0. 147g+0. 194g5| 0. 186g| Standard Deviation ( ±0. 001g)| s = x- x2 n-1 Standard Deviation=Sum of (each value-mean)2Number of values-1| Distilled Water – 0. 00% (Control)| 0. 026g= (0. 216-0. 186)2+(0. 195-0. 186)2+(0. 179-0. 186)2(0. 147-0. 186)2+(0. 194-0. 186)25-1 | 0. 026g| Percentage Change| Mass Changed Initial Mass? 00=percentage change| Distilled Water – 0. 00% (Control) Trial 1| 0. 2161. 171? 18. 4%| 18. 4%| Processed Data Table Table 6: The Differences between the Initial Mass (g), Final Mass (g) of the Potato Pieces after 24 hours in Sodium Chloride Solution Trials | Concentrations ( ± 0. 05%) | Initial Mass ( ±0. 001g)| Final Mass( ±0. 001g)| Changes in Mass( ±0. 002g)| Percentage Change (0. 02%)| 1| Distilled Water(0. 0) CONTROL| 1. 171| 1. 387| 0. 216| 18. 45| | 2. 0| 1. 181| 0. 885| -0. 296| -25. 06| | 5. 0| 1. 091| 0. 877| -0. 214| -19. 62| | 10. 0| 1. 196| 1. 058| -0. 138| -11. 54| | 20. 0| 1. 49| 1. 054| -0. 095| -8. 27| | 25. 0| 1. 094| 0. 995| -0. 099| -9. 05| 2| Distilled Water(0. 0) CONTROL| 1. 258| 1. 453| 0. 195| 15. 50| | 2. 0| 1. 160| 0. 805| -0. 355| -30. 60| | 5. 0| 1. 158| 0. 899| -0. 259| -22. 37| | 10. 0| 1. 186| 1. 002| -0. 184| -15. 51| | 20. 0| 1. 243| 1. 085| -0. 158| -12. 71| | 25. 0| 1. 166| 1. 060| -0. 106| -9. 09| 3| Distilled Water(0. 0) CONTROL| 1. 135| 1. 314| 0. 179| 15. 77| | 2. 0| 1. 254| 0. 856| -0. 398| -31. 74| | 5. 0| 1. 244| 1. 041| -0. 203| -16. 32| | 10. 0| 1. 079| 0. 936| -0. 143| -13. 25| | 20. 0| 1. 244| 1. 047| -0. 197| -15. 84| | 25. | 1. 109| 0. 942| -0. 167| -15. 06| 4| Distilled Water(0. 0) CONTROL| 1. 176| 1. 323| 0. 147| 12. 50| | 2. 0| 1. 247| 0. 902| -0. 345| -27. 67| | 5. 0| 1. 260| 1. 034| -0. 226| -17. 94| | 10. 0| 1. 225| 0. 992| -0. 233| -19. 02| | 20. 0| 1. 160| 1. 021| -0. 139| -11. 98| | 25. 0| 1. 267| 1. 102| -0. 165| -13. 02| 5| Distilled Water(0. 0) CONTROL| 1. 151| 1. 345| 0. 194| 16. 85| | 2. 0| 1. 263| 0. 986| -0. 277| -21. 93| | 5. 0| 1. 173| 0. 894| -0. 279| -23. 79| | 10. 0| 1. 207| 1. 024| -0. 183| -15. 16| | 20. 0| 1. 163| 1. 017| -0. 146| -12. 55| | 25. 0| 1. 165| 1. 068| -0. 097| -8. 33|Table 7: Average percentage masses of Sodium Chloride Solutions ( ±0. 5%) and Distilled Water Trials| Distilled Water (Control)| 2. 0%| 5. 0%| 10. 0%| 20. 0%| 25. 0%| 1| 18. 45| -25. 06| -19. 62| -11. 54| -8. 27| -9. 05| 2| 15. 50| -30. 60| -22. 37| -15. 51| -12. 71| -9. 09| 3| 15. 77| -31. 74| -16. 32| -13. 25| -15. 84| -15. 06| 4| 12. 50| -27. 67| -17. 94| -19. 02| -11. 98| -13. 02| 5| 16. 85| -23. 79| -23. 79| -15. 16| -12. 55| -8. 33| Mean| 15. 81| -27. 77| -20. 00| -14. 90| -12. 27| -10. 91| Trials| Distilled Water (Control)| 2. 0%| 5. 0%| 10. 0%| 20. 0%| 25. 0%| 1| 0. 216| -0. 296| -0. 214| -0. 38| -0. 095| -0. 099| 2| 0. 195| -0. 355| -0. 259| -0. 184| -0. 158| -0. 106| 3| 0. 179| -0. 398| -0. 203| -0. 143| -0. 197| -0. 167| 4| 0. 147| -0. 345| -0. 226| -0. 233| -0. 139| -0. 165| 5| 0. 194| -0. 277| -0. 279| -0. 183| -0. 146| -0. 097| Averages| 0. 186| -0. 334| -0. 236| -0. 176| -0. 147| -0. 127| Standard Deviation| 0. 026| 0. 048| 0. 032| 0. 038| 0. 037| 0. 036| Table 8: Average percentage masses ( ±0. 02%) of various Sodium Chloride Solutions ( ±0. 5%) and Distilled Water Graph 1: The relationship between the varied sodium chloride solutio ns and the control over 24 hours GRAPH COMMENTARYIt appears that Graph 1 represents the relationship between the mass changes and the sodium chloride concentrations (0%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 20% and 25%). The graph displays that there was a major decrease in size mainly in the 2% and only potato pieces in the distilled water were able to increase in mass. 3 Conclusions and Evaluation 3. 1 Conclusion CONCLUSION STATEMENT The aim of this investigation was to test the effect of the varied sodium concentration on the osmosis of potato. This aim of the investigation was accomplished as there were significant differences on the effect of the varied sodium chloride solutions.Although the data has proven the hypothesis to be false. CONCLUSION EXPLANATION Data produced from this investigation reveals that the hypothesis suggested earlier is incorrect. As shown in Graph 1, the average for 2% concentration had a more drastic decrease than the 25% concentration. Thus, disproving the hypothesis which st ates as the concentration level of sodium chloride increases the masses will decrease in relation. On the contrary the results suggested decrease in concentration of the solution will greater the decrease in mass after a period of time.For example, the average percentages change for the 2% concentration decreased by approximately 27. 77% in comparison to the average percentages change of 10. 91% of the 25% concentration of sodium chloride. This would suggest that any concentration higher than 2% concentration of sodium chloride would cause the potato cell to become turgid and hypotonic as a result of the higher concentration of water entering the potato cell. By becoming turgid the cell is no longer allowing the diffusion of any molecules into the cell thus preventing osmosis to occur.The higher the percentage the faster the occurrence of the osmosis causing the cell to become turgid faster and preventing the water molecules enter. With this in mind, questions the reliability of the data despite the evidence of the balanced error bars. The effects of â€Å"sodium chloride concentration had decreased the mass as the concentration levels increased. † (Roberts, et al. , 2009) This investigation supports the hypothesis stated earlier. In this investigation the results as the researchers were able to conclude on the results of their 0. % decreasing the lease and with their maximum concentration of 2% giving the largest change in mass. However, this investigation was conducted in the time from of only 30 minutes not 24 hours. On the other hand, a research â€Å"The Effect of Salinity on Osmosis in Solanum tuberosum (potatoes)† provided much similar results and was also conducted in a similar environment. This investigation supports the results obtained in this experiment justifying â€Å"0. 1% and 0. 5% declined in mass with a rapid rate† and â€Å"10% and increasing, the rate was much slower† (Holler, 2012) . 2 Evaluation Procedures RELI ABLITY Measurements were measured with by only one researcher and thus eliminated the possible chances of human error that may occur if the measurements were recorded by multiple people. The trials of this investigation were conducted in a chronological order and one-by-one. This process was also repeated five times for the each concentration to increase the reliability. The standard deviation displayed quite minimal and well balanced which shows there were minimal significant errors that may have occurred throughout the experiment.However some the errors that perhaps occurred due to some of the pieces were penetrated by the rod in removing them from the corer, this may have caused some significant error and decreases the reliability of the experiment. Due to the use of the same size potato it can be assumed that the reliability of this investigation is dependable as there is little differentiation in size. Also, all the potato pieces were from the same potato meaning they were also from the source limiting any uncontrolled variables to occur and increase the reliability of this investigation.The uncertainties of this experiment were quite minimal however perhaps may have occurred during the process of weighing the mass of the potato pieces due to not pressing ‘tare’ before measuring the mass of each piece therefore altering the masses slightly and increasing the uncertainties. LIMITATIONS/WEAKNESSES/ERROR IN LABORATORY INVESTIGATIONS Table 9: Possible limitations with the investigation and improvement to these errors Limitations/weaknesses/error in the laboratory| Improvement| Inaccuracy in the measurements when cutting the potato pieces in to 2cm length. Due to the minimal cooking skill of the researcher the potato pieces were not precisely 2. 0cm but perhaps to varied 2. 1 cm. Significance of this would affect the data as is contradicts its purpose as a controlled variable. To improve on this matter perhaps cutting the potato into a cube or rec tangle shape to a 4cm height then using a corer to remove pieces of potato. After, line the all the potato pieces and cut all of them simultaneously in half. This would reduce the variance of the sizes. | Penetration of the potato pieces by the rod of the corer. The rod used to push the potato pieces out of the corer was bent and proved difficult to utilise as it failed to push the potatoes out and penetrated them. Penetration to the potato pieces will increase the surface area and increase the occurrence of osmosis leading onto questioning the reliability of the investigation. Perhaps in a replication of this experiment to use a larger corer size and a straight rod to prevent unnecessary penetrations to the potato pieces. | Time limit in conducting the experiment. Because of the time limit in the beginning of the experiment many errors occurred due to the experimenter rushing. These errors that may be able to be prevented if the time for the experiment was to be increased. | Excess Sodium Chloride when measuring the final mass of the potato pieces. | When measuring the mass of the final potato pieces, only two ply of paper towel were used to dry of the excess solutions. However after the 3rd trial the paper was far too damp to dry off anymore excess which could altered the results. This could be simple resolved by using more plies of paper towel. 3. 3 Improving the Investigation MODIFICATION TO THE EXPERIMENT To decrease the uncertainties a different method could be used to cut the potato pieces simultaneously therefore limiting the slightly varied sized pieces. This new method could be lining all 30 potato pieces in a straight line then measuring 2cm and cutting all the pieces in one cut. This mew method will likely to decrease the uncertainty when cutting the potato pieces. Creating a longer time limit to the investigation would provide time to increase the reliability of this investigation.By creating a different method to create the potato pieces so that there is no penetration of the use of the rod from the corer. In this investigation a small corer was utilised along with a bent rod was used to remove the pieces which caused penetrations in the potato pieces. If this investigation was to be replicated perhaps using a larger corer will be less difficult to remove the potato pieces and decreasing the chances of penetrating the pieces. Another method that could be considered is to not use the corer and cut the pieces manually from the potato, firstly into a rectangular prism or cube.This method will completely eliminate the chances of penetration of the potato pieces thus, increasing the reliability of the data produced and of the investigation. Modifications to the experiment perhaps include an extension to explore different variables that would affect osmosis. These extensions could be exploring the effect of surface -area, temperature and perhaps comparison on the use of sucrose solution against the salinity. An interesting extens ion would be to include a vice-versa investigation to test the effect of the potato pieces to return to its original mass if placed in distilled water.Bibliography Websites | Nigel D Purchon. 2012. Osmosis | Gondar Design Biology. [ONLINE] Available at: http://purchon. com/wordpress/biology/? page_id=173. [Accessed 01 October 12]. | BBC. 2012. BBC – GCSE Bitesize: Osmosis in cells. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www. bbc. co. uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/add_gateway_pre_2011/greenworld/waterrev2. shtml. [Accessed 01 October 12]. | Bowen. 2002. Osmosis. [ONLINE] Available at:http://arbl. cvmbs. colostate. edu/hbooks/cmb/cells/pmemb/osmosis. html. [Accessed 08 October 12]. | Videos | Bozeman Biology. (2012). AP Biology Lab 1: Diffusion and Osmosis. Online Video]. 14 March. Available from:  http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=LeS2-6zHn6M. [Accessed: 01 October 2012]. | Online Documents | Roberts, M. , Kolbenschlag, J. , Brady, J. & Rice, T. , 2009. Effect of Concetration on Osm osis. [Online] Available at: https://docs. google. com/viewer? a=v&q=cache:ioq9fMDSyNgJ:www. bvsd. org/schools/MonarchHigh/teachers/kdonley/Vodcasts%2520and%2520Podcasts/Student%2520Projects/Osmosis%2520Labs%252009-10/Effect%2520of%2520Concentration%2520on%2520Osmosis. pptx+&hl=en&pid=bl&s [Accessed 11 November 2012]. | Word Documents |Holler, B. , 2012. The Effect of Salinity on Osmosis in Solanum tuberosum (potatoes). Gold Coast: Bianca Holler. | Appendixes Appendix A – Risk Assessment Appendix B – Turnitin Receipt â€Å"Osmosis Potato IA Term 4† to the assignment â€Å"Osmosis prac. † in the class â€Å"A. Lal 2012 Year 10 Term 4 Osmosis† on 12-Nov-2012 09:28PM. Your paper id is 283825801. Appendix C – Journal Date| Task| Time | 1st of October | Constructed design and completed background information/theory | 120 minutes | 2nd of October | Constructed method and experimental materials | 60 minutes | 8th of October | Completed

Declaration Of Indepence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Declaration Of Indepence - Essay Example Consequently, the then congress led by Thomas Jefferson resolved to defy the Britain’s orders (Maddern 534). The document comprises 27 injustices, which the Great Britain despite being aware inflicted on the natives, hence depriving them their dignity and using their own blood soldiers to unleash terror on them (Onuf 71). They also called all the 13 states to declare their sovereignty despite the involved cost by informing the colonial masters they were ready to reclaim their dignity, hence the name â€Å"Declaration of Independence† (Sabato 73). North America, which at presently is the United States of America, suffered untold severity subjected to them by Great Britain who by then was their colonial masters (Maddern 535). This entailed depriving them liberty, freedom and dignity. According to the then congress leaders led by Thomas Jefferson, Great Britain under King George III, did not value the rights of their subjects. This is despite receiving numerous grievances concerning what they were undergoing and neglecting them (Sabato 74). The condition worsened when the Great Britain started using American soldiers to unleash brutality against their own people. Hence, dehumanizing the colonists, which to them implied they do not exactly know their privileges (Onuf 71). â€Å"Declaration of Independence† document outlined 27 abuses, which the King George III used to dehumanize the natives (Onuf 71). Primarily these abuses entailed doing things and instituting certain legislation with the absence of the native’s regime consent. King George III interfered with the natives’ form of government and their judicial system (Sabato 72). Together with the parliament, he interfered with the colonies’ regime systems without their consent to the extent of imposing unfair taxes (Sabato 73). This affected severely trade among the states where the levied taxes deprived them their right of trading freely. Consequently, hindering the

Development Appraisal, Project Cost Control Assignment

Development Appraisal, Project Cost Control - Assignment Example The building and construction sector includes contractors who build buildings for residential, industrial and commercial purposes. SECTION-A Question 1 This is a case whereby companies operating in the construction industry need to develop, differentiate,  defend and communicate the development  contribution  they  make to their host country   in just the same way as they manage the value they delivered to customers. Taking a case of buildings:   There are various aspects that defines these statement ‘‘Development value’’ in a more scientific way. ... 2. Four methods of valuation and their illustration using appropriate examples These methods include; DCF valuation LBO valuation Comparable companies’ valuation Precedent transaction valuation A DCF (Discounted cash flow) valuation is a valuation method where future cash flows are discounted to present value. The valuation approach is widely used within the investment banking and private equity industry. In a DCF valuation, one has tom obtain data which includes; historical financial information, working capital, make future projections and calculate unlevered cash free flow, determine capital structure, WACC, present value of free cash flow, enterprise value and finally come up with a DCF sensitivity analysis which now shows the valuation changes with different assumptions and changes in input (Notman, 1998). A LBO (Leveraged Buyout Analysis), valuation is the acquisition of another company using a significant amount  of borrowed money (bonds or loans) to meet the cost of an acquisition. It is used to determine an implied valuation range for a given target in a potential LBO sale based on achieving acceptable returns (O'Sullivan & Sheffrin, 2003). In this kind of valuation the following is taken into account; deal value, historical financials, forecast period, results and output. A comparable company’s analysis is always used in company valuations and is a relative valuation method (Notman, 1998). The method indicates the value of similar companies in relation to different key ratios that is later compared to your business. Common key ratios are: EV/EBITDA and EV/SALES. For this to be successful, one needs to select the multiples of companies, locate the necessary financial information, and spread key statistics ratios and trading multiples benchmark

Acceptability Of The Euthanasia In The Modern Society Assignment

Acceptability Of The Euthanasia In The Modern Society - Assignment Example Proponents of euthanasia base their claims on the fact that in the democracy and capitalistic modernity that are so widespread in the contemporary age, every individual has the right to decide for his/her own future. â€Å"The Hemlock Society is very vocal in their belief that euthanasia should be allowed, especially if the patient has conveyed those wishes† (Yares, 2011). Therefore, if an individual wants to die, his/her wish should be granted. Proponents of euthanasia also say that this practice relieves the patient as well as the patient’s relatives of the continuous pain and havoc. In a lot of conditions, there is no hope of improvement of the patient’s condition. Instead of waiting for the death to come on its own, it is right as per the utilitarian view to assisting the patient with the suicide. The utilitarian view considers all such practices ethical whose results are favorable. Apparently, all results of euthanasia are favorable because it not only allow s the patient an escape from the uninterrupted state of pain but also give physical and financial relief to the relatives who have to pay for the hospital expenses on daily bases as long as the patient lives. In the present age, health care is becoming more and more expensive. People have to pay hundreds of dollars every single day for the patient care in hospitals. Euthanasia saves all this money and allows the relatives to take a sigh of relief. Opponents of euthanasia fundamentally base their opinion on religious grounds, saying that it is for no one but God to choose the time of birth and the time of death of an individual. If an individual is in a state of stress or pain, it is God’s will. God will take the life out of the body when He will want. By interfering in God’s business, humans are making themselves sinful and will have to be accountable for their acts in the world hereafter.